Results: Total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), as well as antioxidant capacity were maximized using methanol as the extraction solvent, particularly with the ultrasonic method. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the methanol/ultrasonic (MU), methanol/water bath (MW), ethanol/ultrasonic (EU), and ethanol/water bath (EW) extracts in the DPPH assay were 107.6 126.7, 172.7, and 196.3 μg/mL, respectively

Food powders are ubiquitous in people's daily life and food industry production with numerous advantages. With the increasing use of food powder in the world, it is increasingly important to understand the processing methods of food powder and the changes in physicochemical properties after processing in order to control the processing conditions and the quality of final products. Among the many processing methods for food powders, superfine grinding technique is an emerging and useful tool for superfine powder manufacturing with some unique and promising properties, which has made the technique successfully applied in food processing over the recent decades. This review highlights the information of the main superfine grinding methods in the field of food processing and the changes in performance after superfine grinding treatment. Also, potential challenges, promising opportunities, and perspectives of this technology are covered in the review. This review will provide theoretical foundation and guideline for superfine food powder processing, which can provide new approaches and ideas for the high‐value utilization of food raw materials as well as the food design.

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In this covenant of functional foods, the world seeks for new healthier food products with appropriate proportions of bioactive constituents such as fiber, mineral elements, phenols and flavonoids. The doum fruit has good nutritional and pharmaceutical properties; therefore, its incorporation in breads could be beneficial in improving human health. In the current study, partial substitution of wheat flour (WF) with doum fruit flour (DFF) at levels of 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % were carried out to investigate the dough viscoelastic properties, baking performance, proximate compositions and antioxidant properties of the breads. Partial substitution of WF with DFF increased the water absorption and developing time of dough (P ≤ 0.05), while, the dough extensibility, resistance to extension and the deformation energy were reduced. Bread supplemented with DFF resulted in a reduction in quality in terms of specific loaf volume, conferred softness, hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess to the bread crumbs. DFF up to 15 % could partially replace WF in bread; increase its nutritional value in terms of fiber content and minerals, with only a small depreciation in the bread quality. Sensory evaluation showed that breads supplemented up to 15 % DFF were acceptable to the panelists and there was no significant difference in terms of taste, texture and overall acceptability compared to the control. The incorporation of DFF increased the total phenolic contents, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant properties compared to the control (for both flour and bread).

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The effects of superfine grinding on the physicochemical and functional properties of asparagus pomace were investigated. The results showed that in terms of the specific surface area, water solubility, soluble dietary fiber content, and ratio of insoluble dietary fiber to soluble dietary fiber, finer samples usually possessed better physicochemical properties compared with coarse samples. However, grinding samples excessively to produce small particle sizes could reduce the water‐holding capacity, oil‐binding capacity, and swelling capacity. In addition, the extraction of both free and bound phenolics in asparagus pomace powder samples and the samples’ absorption of both nitrite ion and glucose showed typical bell‐shaped curves, demonstrating that superfine grinding could significantly impact the various properties of asparagus pomace. This study should provide insights into the effect of micronization on the functionalities of fiber‐rich food materials. Practical Application This article deals with the effects of superfine grinding on the physicochemical and functional properties of asparagus pomace. The results showed that the properties of asparagus pomace did not always improve gradually with decreasing particle size. With a decrease in granularity, some parameters showed a bell‐shaped curve whereas others initially increased and then stabilized, indicating that in actual production, the crushing particle size should be determined according to actual needs or target parameters.