In contrast with adults, children infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus (SARS-CoV) develop milder clinical symptoms. Because of this, it is speculated that children vaccinated with various childhood vaccines might develop cross immunity against SARS-CoV. Antisera and T cells from mice immunised with various vaccines were used to determine whether they developed cross reactivity against SARS-CoV. The results showed no marked cross reactivity against SARS-CoV, which implies that the reduced symptoms among children infected by SARS-CoV may be caused by other factors.
The induction of relatively weak immunity by DNA vaccines in humans can be largely attributed to the low efficiency of transduction of somatic cells. Although formulation with liposomes has been shown to enhance DNA transduction of cultured cells, little, if any, effect is observed on the transduction of somatic tissues and cells. To improve the rate of transduction, DNA vaccine delivery by gene gun and the recently developed electroporation techniques have been employed. We report here that to circumvent requirement for such equipment, amiloride, a drug that is prescribed for hypertension treatment, can accelerate plasmid entry into antigen presenting cells (APCs) both in vitro and in vivo. The combination induced APCs more dramatically in both maturation and cytokine secretion. Amiloride enhanced development of full CD8 cytolytic function including induction of high levels of antigen specific CTL and expression of IFN-γ+perforin+granzymeB+ in CD8+ T cells. Thus, amiloride is a facilitator for DNA transduction into host cells which in turn enhances the efficiency of the immune responses.
This paper establishes an evaluation system based on the low-carbon intensive land use in Jinan city from 2010 to 2017 and uses a multi-attribute approach named grey fuzzy integral to build the evaluation model. In this model, based on the Mobius transformation coefficient of subjective and objective weights of index factors and the interaction degree between index factors, 2-additive fuzzy measures can be obtained; therefore, evaluation of low-carbon and intensive land use in Jinan city is processed by combining the grey correlation degree and Choquet fuzzy integral. The results show that in the study period, land input intensity, land use degree, land output benefit and land sustainability in Jinan city all show a good upward trend, but the low-carbon land use level of has been in a declining state. Although there is a good development trend of low-carbon and intensive land use in Jinan, the state is not stable. A Low-carbon and intensive land use pattern will not be achieved completely overnight, and it is bound to be a dynamic game process.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.