Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Ramularia sp. were endophytic fungi isolated from Rumex gmelini Turcz (RGT), all of these three strains could produce some similar bioactive secondary metabolites of their host. However the ability to produce active components degraded significantly after cultured these fungi alone for a long time, and were difficult to recover. In order to obtain more bioactive secondary metabolites, the co-culture of tissue culture seedlings of RGT and its endophytic fungi were established respectively, and RGT seedling was selected as producer. Among these fungi, Aspergillus sp. showed the most significant enhancement on bioactive components accumulation in RGT seedlings. When inoculated Aspergillus sp. spores into media of RGT seedlings that had taken root for 20 d, and made spore concentration in co-culture medium was 1 × 104 mL–1, after co-cultured for 12 d, the yield of chrysophaein, resveratrol, chrysophanol, emodin and physcion were 3.52-, 3.70-, 3.60-, 4.25-, 3.85-fold of the control group. The extreme value of musizin yield was 0.289 mg, which was not detected in the control groups. The results indicated that co-culture with endophytic fungi could significantly enhance bioactive secondary metabolites production of RGT seedlings.

Spelling correction has been studied for many decades, which can be classified into two categories: (1) regular text spelling correction, (2) query spelling correction. Although the two tasks share many common techniques, they have different concerns. This paper presents our work on the CLP-2014 bake-off. The task focuses on spelling checking on foreigner Chinese essays. Compared to online search query spelling checking task, more complicated techniques can be applied for better performance. Therefore, we proposed a unified framework for Chinese essays spelling correction based on extended HMM and ranker-based models, together with a rule-based model for further polishing. Our system showed better performance on the test dataset.

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry targeted metabolomics strategy was applied to analyze protocatechuate, syringin, eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, hyperoside, kaempferol, and oleanolic acid, the active compounds in 3-year-old, 5-year-old, and 9-year-old Acanthopanax senticosus. Then, targeted metabolomics was conducted with 3 growth year plants to identify 19 phenolic metabolites related to the above-mentioned active compounds, including 9 C6C3C6-type, 6 C6C3-type, and 4 C6C1-type. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to the bioactive metabolite data, and targeted metabolic profiling was used for marker compound classification and characterization. The results showed that 7 active compounds in the roots and stems in the 3 growth year plants differed. The principal component “Q” values showed that the total contents of 7 active compounds in 5-year-old roots and stems were higher than in other growth years. Results of targeted metabolomics profiling of 19 phenolic metabolites showed that the C6C1-type compounds accumulated in 9-year-old plants, the C6C3-type in 3-year-old plants, and the C6C3C6-type in 5-year-old plants. The stems had the greatest accumulations of the phenolic metabolites. C6C1 and C6C3-type metabolites are the most abundant in both roots and stems. In conclusion, the active compounds and pharmacological effects of A. senticosus in different growth years are different. The best harvest age for A. senticosus roots and stems was 5 years. The accumulation of 19 phenolic metabolites in different growth years also showed significant differences.

In this investigation, changes in growth and photosynthetic parameters were used to explain the effects of drought stress on morphology and photosynthesis of Eleutherococcus senticosus. Liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectroscopy (MS) was used to determine the content of eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, hyperoside, rutin, and kaempferol under different drought stress conditions to explain the effects of drought stress on secondary metabolism of Eleuthero. Growth and photosynthetic physiological parameters showed that drought stress could inhibit the growth and photosynthesis of Eleuthero. The compounds studied showed the same cumulative trend in various organs of Eleuthero under different drought stress conditions, with the highest content in the moderate drought stress group and the lowest in the severe drought stress group. Among them, the content of eleutheroside B was found to be higher in the 5-year-old stem. The content of eleutheroside E was higher in the 3-year root. The content of isofraxidin was highest in the 5-year-old root. The content of hyperoside, rutin, and kaempferol were higher in the 3-year-old leaves. The results show that a wet soil environment was beneficial to growth and photosynthesis of Eleutherococcus senticosus, and moderate drought stress is conducive to the accumulation of its active ingredients.

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