The effect of agricultural land use change on soil microbial community composition and biomass remains a widely debated topic. Here, we investigated soil microbial community composition and biomass [e.g., bacteria (B), fungi (F), Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Actinomycete (ACT)] using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis, and basal microbial respiration in afforested, cropland and adjacent uncultivated soils in central China. We also investigated soil organic carbon and nitrogen (SOC and SON), labile carbon and nitrogen (LC and LN), recalcitrant carbon and nitrogen (RC and RN), pH, moisture, and temperature. Afforestation averaged higher microbial PLFA biomass compared with cropland and uncultivated soils with higher values in top soils than deep soils. The microbial PLFA biomass was strongly correlated with SON and LC. Higher SOC, SON, LC, LN, moisture and lower pH in afforested soils could be explained approximately 87.3% of total variation of higher total PLFAs. Afforestation also enhanced the F: B ratios compared with cropland. The basal microbial respiration was higher while the basal microbial respiration on a per-unit-PLFA basis was lower in afforested land than adjacent cropland and uncultivated land, suggesting afforestation may increase soil C utilization efficiency and decrease respiration loss in afforested soils.

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Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), an important process for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals from syngas derived from coal and biomass, is receiving renewed interest for both industrial and academic applications. Adjusting the product distribution of hydrocarbons is the focus of research in this field. Herein, a novel carbon‐encapsulated Fe3O4 nanocatalyst was synthesized by a simple one‐step solvothermal method without calcination. The catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity and higher selectivity for C5–12 hydrocarbons (gasoline range products) than the traditional Fe2O3 catalyst. A 45.25 % C5–12 selectivity was obtained for Fe3O4@C, which is close to the maximum value from the Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution.

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Interlayer transport of charges and carriers of 2D nanomaterials is a critical parameter that governs the material and device performance in energy storage applications. Inspired by multilevel natural bamboo‐membrane with ultrafast water and electrolyte transport properties to support its super‐rapid growth rate, 2D–2D multilevel heterostructured graphene‐based membranes with tailored gradient interlayer channels are rationally designed for achieving ultrafast interlayer ion transport. The bioinspired heterostructured membranes possess multilevel interlayer spacing distributions, where the closely packed layers with sub‐nanosized interlayer space provide ultrafast confined interlayer ion transport, while the loosely stacked outer layers consisting of open channels with large distances up to few micrometres are favorable for rapid wetting and penetration of liquid electrolytes. The combination of advantages of large‐size open channels and nanosized confined channels offers ultrafast electrolyte wetting and permeation and interlayer ion transport and provide the devices with superior volumetric capacity as free‐standing electrodes for rechargeable batteries.

ε-MnO2 nanosheets exhibit excellent photothermocatalytic performance promoted by a novel photoactivation without unfavorable by-product of acetaldehyde for abatement of ethyl acetate under UV-vis-IR irradiation.

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