Rutile and anatase titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) powders were used as sonocatalysts for the degradation of methyl orange which was used as a model compound. Ultrasound was used as an irradiation source. It was found that the sonocatalytic degradation ratios of methyl orange in the presence of TiO(2) powder were much better than ones without any TiO(2), but the sonocatalytic activity of rutile TiO(2) particles was obviously higher than that of anatase TiO(2) particles. Although there are many factors influencing sonocatalytic degradation of methyl orange, the experimental results show that the best degradation ratio of methyl orange can be obtained when the experimental conditions of the initial methyl orange concentration of 10 mg/l, rutile TiO(2) added amount of 500 mg/l, ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz, output power of 50 W, pH=3.0 and 40 degrees C within 150 min were adopted. In addition, the catalytic activity of reused rutile TiO(2) catalyst was also studied and found to be better than new rutile TiO(2) catalyst sometimes. All experimental results indicated that the method of the sonocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in the presence of TiO(2) powder was an advisable choice for treating non- or low-transparent organic wastewaters.

One-pot two-step synthesis of DFF was achieved by catalytic conversion of glucose over CrCl 3 Á6H 2 O/NaBr//NaVO 3 Á2H 2 O catalysts, and a DFF yield of 55% based on glucose was obtained. This glucose conversion process is characterized by the abundance and low cost of starting material and no need for HMF separation or purification.

† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: General procedures, catalyst characterizations and reaction data are provided.

This suggests that topical application of O-HA could be a useful method by which to treat diabetic wounds in clinical practice.

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