BackgroundThe leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by intracellular haemoflagellate protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Leishmaniasis has diverse clinical manifestations; cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis which is responsible for 60% of disability-adjusted life years. CL is endemic in Yemen. In Shara’b there is no reference study available to identify the prevalence of endemic diseases and no investigation has been conducted for diagnosing the diseases.MethodsThis study was conducted in villages for CL which collected randomly. The study aimed at investigating the epidemiological factors of CL in Shara’b by using questioner. Symptoms of lesions in patients suffering from CL, confirmed by laboratory tests, gave a new evidence of biochemical diagnosis in 525 villagers aged between 1 and 60 years old. Venous bloods were collected from 99 patients as well as from 51 control after an overnight fast.ResultsThe percentage prevalence of CL was found 18.8%. The prevalence rate of infection among males (19.3%) was higher than females (18.40%). Younger age group (1–15) had a higher prevalence rate (20.3%) than the other age groups. Furthermore, the population with no formal education had the higher rate of infection (61% of the total). A significant increase of serum malondialdehyde (P < 0.001) in CL patients was obtained. The highest level of MDA may be due to over production of ROS and RNS results in oxidative stress and the acceleration of lipid peroxidation in CL patients.ConclusionsThere were high prevalence rates of CL in Shara’b. The patient who had CL has been found with many changes in some biochemical levels. This study provides a clear indication on the role of MDA as an early biochemical marker of peroxidation damage occurring during CL. Increased uric acid, and catalase activity was provided of free radical.

This is a repository copy of Parameter uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of water quality model in Lake Taihu, China.

No abstract

Wind from different directions induce waves-waves to collid at the central zone of Taihu Lake. It causes exchange in water bodies and release of internal nutrients which increases algal bloom. This study aims to analyz the impact of the interactions between waves-waves collision from different directions and different sources such as traveling ships and explored factors, causing sediment resuspension. The results were achieved to collect high-frequency data for measuring wind speeds, currents, waves, and suspended solid concentration (SSCs). The results indicate that the water exchange and the turbidity highly escalated when wind speeds reached 5 m/s. The surface flow velocities are very high, about 80 cm/s or more according to the raw data after calibrating the instruments. This finding is very important in the processes of sediments dynamic. Maybe in these wide area, high waves-waves collide leading to constructive interference from different sources generate waves. Sediment processes were categorized into three period A, B, and C corresponding to three shear-stress thresholds. Period A: Sediment bottom particals was stable with τw < 0.01 N/m 2. It did not change through this period and the averaged suspended solid concentration (SSCs) was approximately 50 mg/L. Period B: Sediment resuspension was small with a range between 0.01 ≤ τw < 0.1 N/m 2. It jumped up slowly and the averaged was in the range of 50 to 70 mg/L. Period C: Sediment resuspension was moderate with shear stress 0.1 ≤ τw < 0.8 N/m 2. The form of the sediment bed was changed at the second period, this shows that increase of the shear stress activated the sediment in this period. The bottom SSCs increased quickly from 60 to 350 mg/L in average. Outcomes of this paper presents the main factor causing sediment resuspension, which may assist further studies and estimate the real reasons for internal nutrient release from different waves induced waves-waves to collide in Lake Taihu.

Contribution of different hydrodynamic conditions caused nutrients released and algal blooms growth and deteriorates water quality. Important factors related to climate variation, such as water temperature, precipitation, wind, solar radiation, and human activities can influence trophic conditions in the water column. A field survey was conducted at Meiliang Bay during spring and summer seasons and in diverse hydrodynamic conditions. The study aimed to investigate the variation of wave shear stress generated by strong wind and vessels. The measurement results showed that the shear stress increased in direction with increasing wind speed and significant wave heights. Wave shear stress τ has a maximum value = 0.2 Nm 2 during weak wind 1.5-2.5 m/s and significant wave height = 0.20 m while, it has a maximum value = 0.8 Nm 2 with strong wind range from 4.5 to 10 m/s corresponding with the significant wave height which has maximum value = 0.65 m in 2014. Also, wave shear stress τ has maximum value = 0.25 Nm 2 with maximum significant wave height = 0.6 m during passages vessels in 2016. It ranges from-0.8 to 0.8 Nm 2 with maximum wave amplitude value U = 0.4 m/s passages heavy ship in 2018. The results indicated that the bottom layer has a major impact, with strong winds and vessels' induced waves. Furthermore, the shear stress generated by those forces impacted directly on the boundary of the lake and caused sediment resuspension leading to release nitrogen. The outcomes of this paper give a clear idea about the processes happening in the lake.