The aim of the present study was to assess the response of rat dental pulp to direct pulp capping with propolis. Flavonoid and non-flavonoid materials were purified from an ethanol extract of propolis obtained from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. A Class I cavity was prepared on the occlusal surface of the right maxillary first molar in Sprague Dawley rats. The dental pulp was exposed and then capped with a zinc oxide-based filler as a control (group I), or with propolis flavonoids (group II) or non-flavonoids (group III). The animals were sacrificed at week 1, 2 or 4, biopsy samples were obtained, and these were stained and viewed by light microscopy. The results showed that pulp inflammation occurred in groups I and III as early as week 1. No dentin bridge formation was seen in these groups. In contrast, there was no evident inflammatory response in group II at week 1. Mild and moderate pulp inflammation in this group occurred at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, respectively. Partial dentinal bridge formation was seen in group II at week 4. Therefore, the present results suggest that direct pulp capping with propolis flavonoids in rats may delay dental pulp inflammation and stimulate reparative dentin.

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Nanohybrid composite resin is a type of composite resin restorative material containing micro-sized filler particles incorporated with nanoparticles. Composite resin restoration in the oral cavity can release its filler particles, one of them is aluminum ion. The pH of saliva is varied. This research aimed to determine the influence of salivary pH on aluminum ion solubility of nanohybrid composite resin. The materials used were nanohybrid composite resin Tetric Evoceram (Ivoclar Vivadent, Austria) and artificial saliva with pH of 5.6, 6.7, and 8.0. Twelve disc-shaped composite resin samples sized 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick were made. Samples were polymerized using light curing unit for 20 seconds. Composite resin samples were divided into three pH groups (n=4) and then each sample was soaked in 10 mL artificial saliva inside of polyethylene bottle. The immersion was done in the incubator for 14 days at 37ºC. The concentration of aluminum ion in artificial saliva solutions subsequently was calculated using AAS. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA (a=0,05). The mean concentration of aluminum ion released into saliva with pH 5.6, 6.7, and 8.0 were 0.538 ± 0.996 ppm, 0.431 ± 0.981 ppm, and 0.350 ± 0.071 ppm respectively. The result of One-way ANOVA showed a significant influence of salivary pH variation to the solubility of aluminum ion on nanohybrid composite resin (p<0,05). LSD test showed a significant difference only between saliva pH 5,6 and 8,0. The conclusion of this research was that low salivary pH increased the solubility of aluminum ion on nanohybrid resin composite in saliva.

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Activated Cu-natural zeolite is an antimicrobial agent (fungicide) combination of copper and carrier agent activated natural zeolite. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of concentration of activated Cunatural zeolitesuspension in aquadest on antimicrobial activity in C albicans. Materials used were natural zeolite (Wonosari), 2 M HCl solution, CuCl2.2H O powder (Merck, Germany), cultured C. albicans, and Sabouraud agar (Merck, Germany). Natural zeolite (50 g) was activated with500 mL 2 M HCl (1 hour/100o C). Activated natural zeolite was reacted with 250 mL 0.2 M CuCl2 (1 hour/100 C). Cu-natural zeolite suspension in aquadest were divided to 3 groups (9 mg/mL, 18 mg/mL, and 36 mg/mL) (n=4). The suspensionwas contacted with C. albicans(120 minutes), diluted, grown on Sabouraud agar, then incubated (48 hours/37oC). The colonies was countedin CFU/mL. Data were analyzed with one way ANOVA test (a = 0,05)  and LSD The mean and standard deviation were 36.800  6.453 (9 mg/mL), 31.675  6.445 (18 mg/mL), and 22.375  3.025 (36 mg/mL) (CFU/mL). The result of one way ANOVA test showed that there is influence of the concentration of the suspension to antimicrobial activity in C. albicans (p<0,05). The result of LSD0,05 test showed significant differences between the concentration 36 mg/mL with 9 mg/mL and 18 mg/mL (p<0,05). High concentration of activated Cu-natural zeolite could increase its antimicrobial activity against C. albicans.

Addition of fiber to dental bridgework was thought to be more efficient comparing to porcelain-fused to metalwork. In other side, some patients consumed alcoholic beverage in their daily life. This study aimed to determine mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) exposed to alcoholic beverage. The materials used were dental resin (i-FLOW i-dental, Lithuania), polyethylene fiber (Vactrise, USA), and 4 alcoholic beverages. FRC samples (40) were divided into 10 groups (n=4, control:aquades). Each Sample was soaked in beverage for 5 s followed by 5 s in aquades for each cycle (10 cycles daily for 4 wk). Mechanical properties were examined for hardness and flexural strength. The result showed the mean values for hardness (KHN) were: 98.70±6.03 (aquades), 99.01±4.92 (Beer), 87.65±7.83 (Vermouth), 80.23±5.22 (Rum), 78.20±3.70 (Tequila); while for flexural strength (MPa) were: 336.00±25.05 (aquades), 308.25±10.39 (Beer), 215.07±34.86 (Vermouth), 194.89±27.69 (Rum), 175.48±33.58 (Tequila). The ANOVA revealed significant differences in hardness and flexural strength (p<0.05). The LSD showed no significant difference in hardness and flexural strength of FRC soaked in aquades and Beer, while for other groups and aquades the differences were significant. In conclusion, FRCs soaked in different concentration of alcoholic beverages affected the decrease of hardness and flexural strength properties.

Nanofilled composite resin is one of restorative materials with some weaknesses, such as changes of colour and surface roughness. These weaknesses are attributed to some factors, including frequent consumption some beverages, including yoghurt drinks. This study aims to determine the effect of long immersion of nanofilled composite resin in guava yogurt drink on discoloration and changes in surface roughness. Subjects of the study were nanofilled composite resin materials (3M Filtek Z350XT shade A3) in cylindrical shape with a diameter of 10 mm and 2 mm thickness. Study was conducted by immersing nanofilled resin composites in 10 mL of guava yogurt drink at 37 °C. Twelve specimens were divided into 3 groups with immersion duration of 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours. Surface roughness measurements were carried out using a profilometer Starrett SR300 surface roughness tester, while the colour measurement parameters according to the system L * a * b * was measured using chromameter Konica Minolta CR-400 before and after treatment. Data of changes in surface roughness and colour changes data (ΔE) were calculated and analysed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed insignificant surface roughness changes but significant colour changes in nanofilled composite resin in the groups of 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours. It is concluded that immersion duration in guava yoghurt drink significantly affects the colour of nanofilled composite resin.