The aim of the present study was to assess the response of rat dental pulp to direct pulp capping with propolis. Flavonoid and non-flavonoid materials were purified from an ethanol extract of propolis obtained from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. A Class I cavity was prepared on the occlusal surface of the right maxillary first molar in Sprague Dawley rats. The dental pulp was exposed and then capped with a zinc oxide-based filler as a control (group I), or with propolis flavonoids (group II) or non-flavonoids (group III). The animals were sacrificed at week 1, 2 or 4, biopsy samples were obtained, and these were stained and viewed by light microscopy. The results showed that pulp inflammation occurred in groups I and III as early as week 1. No dentin bridge formation was seen in these groups. In contrast, there was no evident inflammatory response in group II at week 1. Mild and moderate pulp inflammation in this group occurred at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, respectively. Partial dentinal bridge formation was seen in group II at week 4. Therefore, the present results suggest that direct pulp capping with propolis flavonoids in rats may delay dental pulp inflammation and stimulate reparative dentin.

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Nanohybrid composite resin is a type of composite resin restorative material containing micro-sized filler particles incorporated with nanoparticles. Composite resin restoration in the oral cavity can release its filler particles, one of them is aluminum ion. The pH of saliva is varied. This research aimed to determine the influence of salivary pH on aluminum ion solubility of nanohybrid composite resin. The materials used were nanohybrid composite resin Tetric Evoceram (Ivoclar Vivadent, Austria) and artificial saliva with pH of 5.6, 6.7, and 8.0. Twelve disc-shaped composite resin samples sized 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick were made. Samples were polymerized using light curing unit for 20 seconds. Composite resin samples were divided into three pH groups (n=4) and then each sample was soaked in 10 mL artificial saliva inside of polyethylene bottle. The immersion was done in the incubator for 14 days at 37ºC. The concentration of aluminum ion in artificial saliva solutions subsequently was calculated using AAS. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA (a=0,05). The mean concentration of aluminum ion released into saliva with pH 5.6, 6.7, and 8.0 were 0.538 ± 0.996 ppm, 0.431 ± 0.981 ppm, and 0.350 ± 0.071 ppm respectively. The result of One-way ANOVA showed a significant influence of salivary pH variation to the solubility of aluminum ion on nanohybrid composite resin (p<0,05). LSD test showed a significant difference only between saliva pH 5,6 and 8,0. The conclusion of this research was that low salivary pH increased the solubility of aluminum ion on nanohybrid resin composite in saliva.