The frequency and degree of LM is higher in southern than in northern Indian healthy populations because of genetic differences in these populations.

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We report here the application of a medicinally important plant Amaranthus spinosus for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Different concentrations of ethanolic leaf extract of the plant were reacted with aqueous solution of HAuCl 4 ·4H 2 O under mild reaction conditions. Synthesis of AuNPs was confirmed from the UV-Vis study of surface plasmon resonance property of the colloidal solution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed particles as spherical and triangular in shape. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the crystalline nature of AuNPs with average size of 10.74 nm as determined by Debye-Scherrer's Equation. Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) analysis of leaf extract and lyophilized AuNPs showed the presence of various functional groups present in diverse phytochemicals. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) of purified AuNPs confirmed the formation of AuNPs and surface adsorption of biomolecules. We further investigated the toxicity of the synthesized AuNPs and found non toxic to the cancer cell lines and could be used for biomedical applications.

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This report describes the use of ethnolic extract of Fagopyrum esculentum leaves for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. UV-visible spectroscopy analysis indicated the successful formation of gold nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM (HRTEM) and were found to be spherical, hexagonal and triangular in shape with an average size of 8.3 nm. The crystalline nature of the gold nanoparticles was confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) suggested the presence of organic biomolecules on the surface of the gold nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity tests against human HeLa, MCF-7 and IMR-32 cancer cell lines revealed that the gold nanoparticles were non-toxic and thus have potential for use in various biomedical applications.

Peripheral nerve injuries are common, and there is no easily available formula for successful treatment. Although primary neurorrhaphy and nerve autografts are the most effective methods of repair, several newer options are at our disposal today. Though one can help speed up the nerve regeneration process to some extent, success is hindered by additional issues such as number of coaptation sites, supply of donor nerves and the limitations of nerve substitutes. There is now considerable evidence that peripheral nerves have the potential to regenerate if an appropriate microenvironment is provided. A better understanding of the biological processes involved in nerve regeneration process and the realization that nerve grafts serve as a guide for the growing neurons led to the concept of entubulation techniques. For distances of less than 3 cms, either a nerve conduit or an autologous vein graft serves equally well as nerve graft. Seeding the conduits with cultured Schwann cells has pushed the limit of nerve regeneration through a 6 cm gap. In experimental studies with Schwann cell lined bioengineered conduits gaps as large as 8cms can be bridged. Advances in bioengineering has allowed creation of composite neural tubes lined with Schwann cells and neurotropic agents that enhances regeneration of nerve fibers, block the invasion of scar tissue and autodegrade when it is no longer required. The evolution of the concept of entubulation, the early experimentation, the present development and various types of conduits are discussed here.

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