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Experiments and simulations were carried out to study the tensile performance of unreinforced and Z‐pinned composite T‐joints with low Z‐pin density (Z‐pin spacing larger than 5 mm). It was found that the initial load drop of the Z‐pinned specimen was obviously smoother than that of the unpinned specimen, and the improvement to the ultimate strength of the T‐joint was over 45% by Z‐pinning. Besides, the tensile performance of the Z‐pinned T‐joint was significantly related to the distance of the Z‐pin to the symmetry plane of the T‐joint and Z‐pin diameter, while was independent of the column spacing. Regarding the numerical study, the proposed macro T‐joint model was found to be capable of successfully predicting the tensile performance of Z‐pinned and unreinforced T‐joints in terms of both load‐displacement response and damage mode.

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Although the linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion is frequently applied to predict the failure of brittle materials such as cast iron, it can be used for ductile metals too. However, the criterion has some significant deficiencies which limit its predictive ability. In the present study, the underlying failure hypotheses of the linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion were thoroughly discussed. Based on Mohr’s physically meaningful concept of fracture plane, a macroscopic strength criterion was developed to explain the failure mechanism of isotropic metals. The failure function was expressed as a polynomial expansion in terms of the stresses acting on the fracture plane, and the quadratic approximation was employed to describe the non-linear behavior of the failure envelope. With an in-depth understanding of Mohr’s fracture plane concept, the failure angle was regarded as a generalized strength parameter in addition to the failure stress (i.e., the conventional basic strength). The undetermined coefficients of the non-linear failure function were calibrated by the strength parameters obtained from the common uniaxial tension and compression tests. Theoretical and experimental assessment for different types of isotropic metals validated the effectiveness of the proposed criterion in predicting material failure.