This article presents the characteristics of the heaps resulting from coal exploitation in terms of the possibility of their development for industrial facilities. The chances of soil improvement and the existing threats were indicated, emphasising the risk of self-ignition. The most effective technologies are dynamic or impulse compaction, which allows deep soil improvement and the obtaining of an appropriately rigid and load-bearing subsoil. The homogeneity of the soil’s mechanical properties that form the subsoil is also essential, which guarantees compliance with the serviceability limit state. A very important aspect of the investment process in the post-mining waste dumps is the risk of auto-ignition of the accumulated material. Considerations and analyses are presented on the example of the implementation of Panatonni service, warehouse, and production halls in Ruda Śląska. The performance of impulse compaction allowed for the safe construction of industrial halls. In particular, the tests carried out on the thermal state of the dumps confirmed the lack of an unacceptable risk of endogenous fire in the dump mass.
Rapid Impulse Compaction technology makes it possible for improving the ground physical properties, especially when the large thickness of non-cohesive material layers is considered. It is also very efficient for compaction of large deposits of spoil rock from the mining industry or from the demolition works. It also allows making columns out of mining recycled aggregate or construction debris to improve weak cohesive soils. Equipment used in this method ensures fast completion of the work; however, it may cause large noise and severe vibrations. This environmental impact on the neighbourhood and adjacent structures may bring some threats and cause discussions over the technology application limits. Nevertheless, there are effective monitoring tools enabling a control over the whole process, achieving good engineering effects and running the work without negative influence (or within acceptable criteria) to the surrounding buildings and infrastructure facilities. The presented case studies show: how the intensity of vibrations is dependent on the distance from the source of the dynamic impact. In the case of analysed Rapid Impulse Compaction. The results were compared to the previously published results of computer modelling of such an impact. All the research activities were granted by DABI SM BUDNY Company as a part of their Research and Development program. Numerous cycles of vibration monitoring control were conducted on the building site in Wrocław (Poland). The major part of readings was made in course of compaction of non-cohesive layers, partially replaced by sorted debris from crushing of concrete elements from demolition works. Similar results were achieved in course of forming controlled fills composed of spoil material (crushed rock) from the mining industry. The presented research result is a part of the joined Polish-Russian program of training periods under the supervision of Jaroslaw Rybak, PhD from Wrocław University of Science and Technology.
New investments on anthropogenic soils bring the necessity for reliable and sustainable soil improvement methods. When the fill contains mainly non-cohesive soils and large thickness of material layers is considered, its physical properties can be improved by means of Rapid Impulse Compaction technology. Large energy of every impulse imposed by the mass of the hammer and drop height (with acceleration) makes it possible for relatively fast completion of works but causes large noise and severe vibrations. Environmental impact on adjacent structures may also cause some destruction and form the basis for legal claims. When serious damages appear in neighbouring buildings and structures, complains and claims are inevitable. Reduction of this negative impact may be achieved by means of technology calibration or other active and passive measures. The paper presents the description of that problem, some literature review and a case study describing how the intensity of vibrations may be to some extent reduced by means of hammer drop height reduction and digging a trench around the worksite.
Rapid development of foundation engineering and substrate improvement technologies and also availability of various enforcement techniques make that dynamic or vibration-related technologies are used in such accomplishments. They are distinguished with numerous advantages like fast execution and large bearing capacities resulting from good compaction or additional compaction of natural soils during executing the work. Among such technologies most often used are, inter alia, stone columns, impulse compaction, dynamic replacement and, finally, micro-explosions. These technologies feature however some drawbacks like noise and vibrations. Noise is definitely more arduous for people. Although it is not more intense than that of standard work on construction site, but periodicity of noise source (e.g. vibrator, pile-driver) is oppressive for outsiders. Vibrations are generally better tolerated than noise. However, the influence of work exerted on neighbouring facilities should be under control. Accelerometers, which measure acceleration of structure elements caused by dynamic influences from working machinery, are used for this purpose. Another problem is the quality control of the work progressed. The paper provides both exemplary measurement equipment for vibration control and control procedures assessing efficiency of substrate improvement process.
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