Background
In the present scenario, the markets are flooded with chemical-based mosquito repellent products that are proven to be toxic to the human life especially to the children and quite expensive in term of cost. This present investigation was attempted to evaluate the complete pharmacognostical characteristics of Elettaria cardamomum (Linn.) seed and to formulate eco-friendly and cost-effective herbal mosquito repellents of the seed powder by using a natural binder.
Results
The results of microscopic study of seed confirmed the presence of perisperm, embryo, endosperm and testa (Figs. 4, 5 and 6). The extractive values, moisture contents and ash values were also analysed and found to be alcoholic extract, 4.88% w/w; water extract, 40% w/w; moisture content, 8.6%; total ash, 5% w/w; acid insoluble ash, 1.5% w/w; and water soluble ash, 3.5% w/w (summarized in Tables 1, 2 and 3). From the mosquito repellency test (Table 6), the combination of cardamom seed cake was done with cardamom powder 3/2 + 1/4 spoons, wood powder 3 spoons and chilli powder 1/4 spoon which showed low residual percentage of 15.05%, no irritation and an average burning time of 65 min. The formulated herbal-based mosquito repellents were found to be more effective without any side effects and found less cost too.
Conclusion
All the ingredients used in the formulation were herbal based and has no side effect on human health. The cost of the cake was Rs. 11.332/- and it can be considered as good mosquito repellent cakes because of its consistent burning ability with no irritating smoke and low residual percentage and high mosquito repellent ability. By utilizing this concept, the researchers can develop herbal, eco-friendly and cost-effective mosquito repellents in future.
Phytotherapy is used as a complementary approach to the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Clematis buchananian, Family: Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family) possess medicinal value and are used as an antiinflammatory, for peptic ulcer, treatment of ingestion, applied externally to cuts and wounds and sinusitis. The purpose of the present study is to establish the standardized identification parameters such as pharmacognostic characteristics and phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Clematis buchananiana leaves extract. Pharmacognostical analysis indicates that the leaf surface is oval, hairy, and pilose, and has an acute apex. Microscopic characteristics reveal the upper epidermis has a single layer with a thin cuticle and inter-spread with numerous actinocytic stomata and unicellular and multiseriate trichomes. The Stomatal number: 168-192 (lower epidermis), Stomatal index: 14.28 %, Vein- Islet number: 48-54 and Vein termination number: 24-30 respectively. The extractive values for alcoholic and water-soluble were found to be 6.8% w/w and 4.5% w/w respectively. The phytochemical screening of extracts exhibited the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins and proteins. The methanolic extracts of leaves of C. buchananiana at a concentration of 500µg/ml showed high potency against gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. The extract showed maximum scavenging activity of 67.89 and 59.67 respectively against Ascorbic acid with an IC50 value is 48μg/ml. The different phytoconstituents mainly alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, amino acids, and proteins could be responsible for the In-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant potentials of leaf extract.
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