Cardiovascular surgeons have long debated the safe duration of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest during thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery. The rationale for using adjunctive cerebral perfusion (or not) is to achieve the best technical aortic repair with the lowest risk of morbidity and death. In this literature review, we highlight the debates surrounding these issues, evaluate the disparate findings on deep hypothermic circulatory arrest durations and temperatures, and consider the usefulness of adjunctive perfusion.

INTRODUCTION Thyroidectomy for retrosternal goitre is usually carried out through a cervical incision. Around 4-12% of patients, however, require an extracervical approach, usually by sternotomy. Anatomically, the thyroid extends deep behind the great vessels in the pretracheal fascia. A sternotomy is therefore not only a substantial incision but this anterior approach is also not ideal for exposure. We report the use of video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) instead of a sternotomy or thoracotomy in conjunction with a transverse cervical incision for these patients. METHODS A retrospective descriptive study was carried out of seven patients with retrosternal goitre who underwent a VATS thyroidectomy. RESULTS Twenty-one patients with retrosternal goitre were referred to our institution for surgical excision with the anticipation of requiring an extracervical incision. Of these, seven (median age: 68 years, range: 58-73 years) underwent a VATS thyroidectomy. The median operating time was 218 minutes (range: 120-240 minutes). The median diameter of the retrosternal goitre was 70mm (range: 40-145mm). Only one patient required conversion to a manubriotomy to deliver the bulky thyroid and one patient suffered a transient right recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. The median postoperative pain scores for days 0 and 1 were 1 (range: 0-5) and 0 (range: 0-3) respectively. The median length of stay was 5 days (range: 3-7 days). CONCLUSIONS The use of VATS in thyroidectomy for retrosternal goitre offers a minimally invasive approach resulting in less morbidity while affording excellent exposure.

Although the initial results of patients who have had left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion devices implanted have been promising, there have been associated complications requiring surgical intervention. We report a case of a LAA occlusion device migrating into the left ventricle requiring cardiac surgery to retrieve it.

We describe our technique for reconstructing the free right atrial wall and superior vena cava using CorMatrix (CorMatrix Alpharetta, GA, USA) extracellular matrix following resection of a large leiomyosarcoma.

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Composite mechanical root offers no superiority to composite biological root. There is a significant increase in the perioperative bleeding amongst composite mechanical root cohort. There is a need for further randomized control trail to assess the efficacy of either methods.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a benign, self-limiting subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis with unknown aetiology that has a predilection for young Far East Asian women. It presents with fever, fatigue and lymphadenomegaly and is often misdiagnosed. We report an unusual presentation in a South Asian woman with isolated mediastinal lymphadenopathy masquerading as tuberculosis. There is only one other reported case in the literature presenting with isolated mediastinal lymphadenopathy.

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