This study was developed based on in vivo investigation of microporous granular biomaterials based on calcium phosphates, involving matrices of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), hydroxyapatite (HA), biphasic compositions of both phases and a control group. The physicochemical characterization of materials was carried out by X-Ray diffraction (DRX) and mercury porosimetry. Biodegradability, bioactivity and neoformation processes were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized light conducted on biopsies obtained from in vivo tests for periods of 90 and 180 days. These were performed to evaluate the behavior of granular microporous compositions in relation to bone neoformation. Through the performance obtained from in vivo assays, excellent osseointegration and bone tissue neoformation were observed. The results are encouraging and show that the microporous granular biomaterials of HA, β-TCP and biphasic compositions show similar results with perfect osseointegration. Architectures simulating a bone structure can make the difference between biomaterials for bone tissue replacement and repair.
The calcium phosphate microporous bioceramics, and hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) biphasic compositions, in the granular form of microporous biomaterials, are research themes and present potential biomedical applications in rebuilding and repairing maxillofacial bone and tooth structure and in orthopedic applications. This is associated with microstructural characteristics of biocompatibility and bioactivity and osteoconductivity properties that these biomaterials offer when appliedin vivoor in simulated environment. Another differential point of these biomaterials is the solubilization capacity that they present when applied in the biological environment. These compositions of calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite matrix and/or β-tricalcium phosphate) allow for the gradual release of calcium and phosphate ions for the biological environment, which are absorbed and promote the formation of new bone tissue. These materials are also promising in applications in the field of traumatology as in the repair of traumatized bone tissue and drugs controlled release and bone structure treatments. The favorable results of these biomaterials as bone reconstruction matrix and drugs controlled release are associated with crystallographic characteristics, morphology, surface and solubility that these biomaterials present when in contact with body fluids. This work aimed to describe three types of calcium phosphate microporous granulated biomaterials. The biomaterials used were provided by the Biomaterials Group from Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC and are: hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate and biphasic composition 60% hydroxyapatite/40% β-tricalcium phosphate. The Scanning Electron Microscopy technique (SEM) was used for carrying out the morphological characterization and microstructure studies of granulated biomaterials. The X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) served for characterization of crystalline phases. Arthur Method was used for determining open porosity and hydrostatic density of biomaterials. The BET technique served to support determination of the surface area of microporous granulated biomaterials. The results are encouraging and show that these biomaterials present promising morphological characteristics and microporous microstructure as wettability and capillarity. These characteristics may contribute to biomaterial osteointegration by new tissue, bone formation and mineralization process.
Calcium phosphates biocements are biomaterials that present crystallographic and mineralogical characteristics similar to human skeletal structure. This has led to the development of new calcium phosphates biomaterials for biomedical applications, especially biomaterials for repairing defects and bone reconstruction. Calcium phosphates biocements are a promising alternative in biomedical applications, for they are easy to mold, they have good wettability, hydration and hardening capacity during its application in biological environment. This work aimed at the synthesis of hydrated calcium phosphates powder, precursor to late biocements development. Three calcium phosphates compositions were produced via CaCO3/phosphoric acid reactive method in the ratios Ca/P = 1,5; 1,6 e 1,67 molar. The presented results are associated to hydrated powder morphology and synthesis process control. Field Electronic Microscope helped with the morphological characterization of the powders, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) gave support to the identification of H2O e PO43- grouping vibrational bands and x-ray diffractometry (XRD) served on crystallographic characterization of hydrated calcium phosphates. The work showed that for the different powder compositions the hydrated calcium phosphate phase is formed by clustered fine particles. This demonstrated that the chosen synthesis method permits the obtaining nanoparticles of hydrated calcium phosphates, precursors for later biocement production.
The present research paper centers on physicochemical characterization of six nanostructured alloplastic bone substitutes developed at Santa Catarina State University (UDESC Brazil). In addition to identifying the main phases, the focus was to measure the morphological and microstructural features, which are believed to be crucial for controlling and guiding biological and molecular events. The studied samples exhibited rounded granules measuring 200μm 10(PO4)6(OH)2] was found as main phase for HAp, BCP and HAp/Al2O3 biomaterials. For HAp/TiO2n, HAp/SiO2n and β-TCP, the major phase was beta tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2-β]. The results demonstrate that the presence of a second phase of nanometer order, at a hydroxyapatite bioceramic matrix, may modify the surface diffusion of the grains and the phase transformation kinetics of hydroxyapatite and beta tricalcium phosphate at temperatures up to 1100°C.
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