Characterization of Three Calcium Phosphate Microporous Granulated Bioceramics

Abstract

The calcium phosphate microporous bioceramics, and hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) biphasic compositions, in the granular form of microporous biomaterials, are research themes and present potential biomedical applications in rebuilding and repairing maxillofacial bone and tooth structure and in orthopedic applications. This is associated with microstructural characteristics of biocompatibility and bioactivity and osteoconductivity properties that these biomaterials offer when appliedin vivoor in simulated environment. Another differential point of these biomaterials is the solubilization capacity that they present when applied in the biological environment. These compositions of calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite matrix and/or β-tricalcium phosphate) allow for the gradual release of calcium and phosphate ions for the biological environment, which are absorbed and promote the formation of new bone tissue. These materials are also promising in applications in the field of traumatology as in the repair of traumatized bone tissue and drugs controlled release and bone structure treatments. The favorable results of these biomaterials as bone reconstruction matrix and drugs controlled release are associated with crystallographic characteristics, morphology, surface and solubility that these biomaterials present when in contact with body fluids. This work aimed to describe three types of calcium phosphate microporous granulated biomaterials. The biomaterials used were provided by the Biomaterials Group from Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC and are: hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate and biphasic composition 60% hydroxyapatite/40% β-tricalcium phosphate. The Scanning Electron Microscopy technique (SEM) was used for carrying out the morphological characterization and microstructure studies of granulated biomaterials. The X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) served for characterization of crystalline phases. Arthur Method was used for determining open porosity and hydrostatic density of biomaterials. The BET technique served to support determination of the surface area of microporous granulated biomaterials. The results are encouraging and show that these biomaterials present promising morphological characteristics and microporous microstructure as wettability and capillarity. These characteristics may contribute to biomaterial osteointegration by new tissue, bone formation and mineralization process.

Retracted: In vivo behavior of hydroxyapatite/β‐TCP/collagen scaffold in animal model. Histological, histomorphometrical, radiological, and SEM analysis at 15, 30, and 60 days

“…The results found for the b-TCP, and HA nanostructured powder after the mill shows a change of the nanoparticles surface, generated by the process in the attrition mill. This superficial change of the nanoparticles has already been identified by other authors that have used the high-energy method of attrition milling in the development of ceramic powders (Camargo et al 2012(Camargo et al , 2014. Fig.…”

Hydration study from different calcium phosphate biocements with microstructure and nanostructure

“…These spaces promote body fluid vascularization and osteoblast cells and proteins extension into these scaffolds and thereby promote the HA phase destabilization and provide conditions for bone tissue formation. 25,32 The intensity reduction of the X-ray diffraction peaks has also been explained above and is associated with gel formation in the crystal contours as a function of hydration.…”

“…The presence of these nanoparticles in intragranular position led to a surface modification of the calcium phosphate crystals, forming a nano‐roughness that will facilitate cell adhesion and proliferation. The surface modification of grains and/or crystals can contribute to the solubility, wettability, and setting time for biocements …”

“…These spaces promote body fluid vascularization and osteoblast cells and proteins extension into these scaffolds and thereby promote the HA phase destabilization and provide conditions for bone tissue formation …”

“…The surface modification of grains and/or crystals can contribute to the solubility, wettability, and setting time for biocements. [25][26][27][28] The gel formation on the crystal surface and interfaces are associated with the beginning of hydration, which occurs through initial solubilization of nanoparticles and/or nanocrystals. The gelling is related to the microstructure and nanostructure characteristics of biocements, which can directly influence the solubility capacity and morphology modification of elementary crystals and their interfaces and may or may not contribute to the hydration process and setting time of biocement.…”