Background & objectives:Multidrug-resistant Salmonellae have emerged worldwide as also in India. The aim of this study was to study the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated at a tertiary care hospital in northern India.Methods:A total of 106 S. enterica serovars isolated from various clinical samples from January 2011 to June 2012 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone was determined both by agar dilution method and E-test for all the isolates.Results:Salmonella Typhi (73.6%) was the predominant isolate followed by S. Paratyphi A (15.1%), S. Typhimurium (9.4%) and S. Enteritidis (1.9%). Of these, 34 (32.1%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥1 μg/ml by agar dilution) with MIC90 of ciprofloxacin for S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A and S. Typhimurium being 32, 4 and 1 μg/ml, respectively. All the isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol (MIC ≤8 μg/ml) and ceftriaxone (MIC ≤1 μg/ml). Disk diffusion method showed high susceptibility rates to cefotaxime (100%), azithromycin (93.4%) and co-trimoxazole (97.2%). Nalidixic acid resistance was seen in 105 (99.1%) isolates. Of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains, only 34 (32.3%) were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥1 μg/ml).Interpretation & conclusions:This study showed an alarming increase in MIC to quinolones and re-emergence of susceptibility to conventional antibiotics among Salmonellae.
Salmonellosis is a public health problem worldwide. It is caused by enteroinvasive bacteria belonging to the genus Salmonella. Medically Salmonellae have been classified into typhoidal (S.Typhi, S.Paratyphi A, S.Paratyphi B) and nontyphoidal (eg; S.Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis). Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) species are important foodborne pathogens worldwide. Their widespread distribution in the environment; increasing prevalence in the global food chain; virulence and adaptability have an enormous medical, public health, and economic impact worldwide. In India, Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the commonest nontyphoidal serotypes, but occurrence of rare serotypes like S. Worthington, S. Wien, S. Virchow, and S. Dublin have been reported in literature.In humans, NTS infections are most often associated with food products of animal origin, including meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products. Outbreaks of S. Enteritidis infection have been associated with ingestion of uncooked or lightly cooked eggs. Recently foodborne outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with cantaloupe, tomatoes, unpasteurized orange juice, cilantro, and raw seed sprouts have also been reported. Manufactured food items also pose an enormous potential hazard of foodborne salmonellosis. Although foodborne outbreaks predominate, waterborne outbreaks of salmonellosis also have been reported. About 3% to 5% of all cases of salmonellosis in humans are associated with exposure to exotic pets, especially reptiles.
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