The challenge faced by the majority of the pharmaceutical products is the poor solubility of the drug candidates which leads to low bioavailability. Liquisolid compact is one of the emerging techniques that enhances the dissolution of poorly water soluble drugs. Liquisolid system mentions to the formulation made by the transforming the liquid drug, either in the form of suspension or solution in non volatile solvents into a dry, non-sticky, free-flowing and compactable powder mixtures. This is achieved by mixing the suspension or solution of the drug with appropriate carriers and coating agents. The technology has the ability to increase aqueous solubility, rate of dissolution and absorption of poorly soluble drug by keeping it in molecularly dispersed form leading to its improved bioavailability when compared to conventional tablets. Liquisolid technology is the impending approach for enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug by adopting simple manufacturing process and low production cost.
Purpose: This is a general review on niosome as drug carrier, which improves the bioavailability of drugs, increases penetration through skin, releases drug in a controlled or sustained manner, and used for targeting of drugs to specic sites in the body. Approach: Niosomal drug delivery system can be considered as an emerging novel drug delivery system, which consists of microscopic non-ionic vesicles composed of non-ionic surfactants. These are biodegradable, relatively nontoxic, more stable and inexpensive, and an alternative to liposomes. Methods of preparation, characterisation and application of niosomes have been reviewed. Findings: Niosome has potential to reduce the side effects of drugs and increase therapeutic effectiveness in various diseases. It can also be used as a carrier to deliver drugs topically. Conclusion: This review presents an overview of the types of niosomes, techniques of preparation of niosome, characterisation and their applications.Keywords: Niosome; non-ionic surfactant; drug entrapment; novel drug delivery system. 12 niosomes.The bubble method: This is a one step technique for the preparation of noisome without the use of organic solvent. The bubbling unit has round-bottomed ask with Review on NiosomesPreethi Sudheer and Kaushik Kar 23 vesicles per cubic mm. FACTORS GOVERNING NIOSOME FORMATIONChoice of surfactants and additives: Non-ionic surfactants are employed for formation of niosome vesicles. Surfactants having hydrophobic tail may consist of one or two alkyl or peruoroalkyl groups or, in some cases, a single steroidal group. The ether-type surfactants with mono alkyl chain are more toxic than ester-type surfactants. When stability comes into consideration, ester type surfactant is less stable than ether-type surfactants and it is because, ester linked surfactants get degraded by esterase into triglycerides
Since the advent of pluripotent stem cells, (embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells), applications of such pluripotent stem cells are of prime importance. Indeed, scientists are involved in studying the basic biology of pluripotent stem cells, but equal impetus is there to direct the pluripotent stem cells into multiple lineages for cell therapy applications. Scientists across the globe have been successful, to a certain extent, in obtaining cells of definitive endoderm and also pancreatic β islets by differentiating human pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocols aim at mimicking in vivo embryonic development. As in vivo embryonic development is a complex process and involves interplay of multiple cytokines, the differentiation protocols also involve a stepwise use of multiple cytokines. Indeed the novel markers for pancreas organogenesis serve as the roadmaps to develop new protocols for pancreatic differentiation from pluripotent stem cells. Earliest developed protocols for pancreas differentiation involved "Nestin selection pathway," a pathway common for both neuronal and pancreatic differentiation lead to the generation of cells that were a combination of cells from neuronal lineage. Eventually with the discovery of hierarchy of β cell transcription factors like Pdx1, Pax4, and Nkx2.2, forced expression of such transcription factors proved successful in converting a pluripotent stem cell into a β cell. Protocols developed almost half a decade ago to the recent ones rather involve stepwise differentiations involving various cytokines and could generate as high as 25 % functional insulin-positive cells in vitro. Most advanced protocols for β islet differentiations from human pluripotent stem cells focused on 3D culture conditions, which reportedly produced 60-65 % functional β islet cells. Here, we describe the protocol for differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into functional β cells under both 2D and 3D culture conditions.
Low aqueous solubility and concomitant oral bioavailability are the major glitches found in converting the active pharmaceutical ingredients to new pharmaceutical products. Many methods are in existence to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Co-crystallization is one of the unique technique that aggregates two or more different chemical entities in a crystalline lattice via non-covalent bonding. Co-crystals are multi-component system of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a conformer. They offer products with superior physico-chemical properties such as melting point, solubility, stability, bioavailability, compaction and permeability. This paper focuses on the utility of co crystals in promoting the solubility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient with special emphasis on the principle of co crystallization, methods of preparation and a survey on various cocrystal formulations and its application.
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