Purpose: This is a general review on niosome as drug carrier, which improves the bioavailability of drugs, increases penetration through skin, releases drug in a controlled or sustained manner, and used for targeting of drugs to specic sites in the body. Approach: Niosomal drug delivery system can be considered as an emerging novel drug delivery system, which consists of microscopic non-ionic vesicles composed of non-ionic surfactants. These are biodegradable, relatively nontoxic, more stable and inexpensive, and an alternative to liposomes. Methods of preparation, characterisation and application of niosomes have been reviewed. Findings: Niosome has potential to reduce the side effects of drugs and increase therapeutic effectiveness in various diseases. It can also be used as a carrier to deliver drugs topically. Conclusion: This review presents an overview of the types of niosomes, techniques of preparation of niosome, characterisation and their applications.Keywords: Niosome; non-ionic surfactant; drug entrapment; novel drug delivery system. 12 niosomes.The bubble method: This is a one step technique for the preparation of noisome without the use of organic solvent. The bubbling unit has round-bottomed ask with Review on NiosomesPreethi Sudheer and Kaushik Kar 23 vesicles per cubic mm. FACTORS GOVERNING NIOSOME FORMATIONChoice of surfactants and additives: Non-ionic surfactants are employed for formation of niosome vesicles. Surfactants having hydrophobic tail may consist of one or two alkyl or peruoroalkyl groups or, in some cases, a single steroidal group. The ether-type surfactants with mono alkyl chain are more toxic than ester-type surfactants. When stability comes into consideration, ester type surfactant is less stable than ether-type surfactants and it is because, ester linked surfactants get degraded by esterase into triglycerides
Purpose: Targeted drug delivery systems are used to deliver drugs to specific areas in definite concentration. Ketoprofen, belongs to NSAID, has various side effects associated with oral administration and also has less rate of permeation through skin from topical formulations. With an intention to increase skin permeability of ketoprofen through the skin by the use of vesicular structures called niosomes this study was undertaken. Methodology: In this particular study, niosomes were prepared by thin film hydration technique and ether injection technique. A topical niosomal gel was prepared by incorporating niosomes into 2% carbopol gel. Findings: Formulations prepared by thin film hydration technique, using drug, tween 40 and cholesterol in a ratio of 1:1:1 resulted in better entrapment efficiency and vesicular size in comparison to ether injection method. Evaluation: The niosomal formulations were characterised for vesicle size distribution, SEM and zeta potential. The best formulation (F16) was selected on the basis of drug entrapment efficiency of 83.63 ± 0.11% and in vitro diffusion profile. Conclusion: A comparative ex-vivo permeation study of niosomal gel against marketed gel, 2.5% w/w gel on excised rat abdominal skin model indicateda twofold increase in permeation in comparison to marketed gel and a three fold increase in permeation in comparison to 2.5% w/w ketoprofen gel formula.
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