The objective of this study was to determine the effect of chemical treatment on the coconut fiber surface morphology. This study is divided into three stages, preparation of materials, treatment and testing of coconut fiber. The first treatment is coconut fiber soaked in a solution of NaOH for 3 hours with concentration, respectively 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The second treatment is coconut fiber soaked in KMnO 4 solution with a concentration of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% for 3 hours. The third treatment is coconut fiber is soaked in H 2 O 2 solution with a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% for 3 hours. At each treatment the fiber is dried in an oven at a temperature of 90 o C for 5 hours. Coconut fibers that had been the first, second, and third treated, sorted out for chemical composition, single fiber tensile and SEM testing. Tensile strength of single coconut fiber was tested following ASTM 3379-02 by using a tensile testing LR10K Plus 10 kN Universal Materials Testing Machine. The fiber surface morphology was examined using electron microscopy Vega3 Tescan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at 5kV voltage, and X-ray diffraction, 30 kV, 15 mA, at scan speed 2.000 deg./min . The result shows that the highest tensile strength of the fiber obtained in the first treatment namely N4. In general the mechanical strength of the fiber decrease slightly however, the fiber surface morphology becomes rough. NaOH treatments cause crystallization on the surface of the fiber. Crystallinity index was decreased with increasing concentration of NaOH. The second treatment caused the trench grooves on the surface of the fiber that can improve bonding between fiber and matrix.

Palm fibers were immersed in sea water for 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks prior to application as reinforcement of green biocomposite. Instead of common resin matrix, natural sago starch was applied as the matrix compound. The immersion treatments had significantly affected fibers surface morphology and interfacial bonds of fiber and the matrix as observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The quality of interfacial bonds became higher by additional duration of the sea water immersion. The best interlocking surfaces of fibers and matrix appeared in the composite with 4-week immersed fibers, indicated by disappearance of gaps between fiber and matrix. The morphology of fibers surface interlocking process was clearly seen during the duration of immersion.

This study investigated the ambient environmental temperature effect on the positioning accuracy of a periodically-moving carrier. The moving carrier was operated in an environmental chamber in which the operational temperature could be controlled by an air conditioning system. Different operational temperature modes, including a stable environment, a rise in temperature, a decline in temperature, summer daytime hours, and winter nighttime hours in terms of seasonal climate change in Taiwan, were generated within the environmental chamber by an air conditioning system to investigate the operational temperature's effect on positioning accuracy. From the experimental measurements of a periodically-moving carrier, it is found that the operational temperature conditions can significantly affect the positioning accuracy of the moving carrier, especially in the case of an operational temperature decline. Under stable operational conditions, the positioning accuracy of the moving carrier can be considerably improved. In comparison to the case of an operational temperature decline, the positioning accuracy improvement can reach 29.6%. Moreover, the effect of the temperature distributions within the chamber on the positioning accuracy was further investigated. It was found that, with a parallel flow pattern in the chamber, the positioning accuracy can be further enhanced.

Purpose: This paper proposes a new model for further research on how to select criteria in supplier selection, through a literature review and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of previously used methods.Design/methodology/approach: The methods used to select criteria in supplier selection were extracted from various online academic databases.  The weaknesses and advantages of these methods were then analyzed. Based on these findings, several opportunities for improvement are proposed for further research. Finally, criteria design methods for the selection of suppliers are proposed using statistical multi-criteria decision making (S-MCDM) methods.Findings: Direction and guidance for subsequent research to select the criteria used in supplier selection, based on the advantages and disadvantages of the decision methods used.Research limitations/implications: Limitations of this study are that it is focused on the methods of criteria design in supplier selection.Practical implications: This study can provide a research direction on the selection of criteria for supplier selection.Social implications: This study provides ongoing guidance and avenues for further research.Originality/value: New ideas for working out the developmental strategy for criteria selection are provided by statistical MCDM methods in supplier selection.

Effects of sea water immersion for palm fiber in relation to surface morphology, roughness and bonding between the fiber and sago matrix were observed. Duration of immersion varied in 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, and then dried at room temperature for 3 hours continued by oven at 80 °C for 6 hours. SEM and roughness arithmetic tests were applied to see surface morphology, roughness and bonding between fiber and the matrix. Result shows fiber morphology and roughness varies by the duration of immersion. The surface roughness increases as immersion continues along with fiber - matrix bonding improvement. The maximum duration of 4 weeks fiber immersion resulted in the best interlocking of matrix and fibers, as the slits between them disappear.

A uniform magnetic field distribution is a critical aspect in the transmitter array coil design process for achieving a homogenous vertical magnetic field distribution. The free position and orientation features can thus be implemented in the wireless power charging system. This paper presents vertical magnetic field distribution generated by a single-layer circular flat spiral air core transmitter array coil model analysis and evaluation using a numerical analysis method. This method is developed based on the off-symmetry axis magnetic field distribution due to a circular current loop derived from the Biot-Savart law. The proposed evaluation criteria are used to obtain the vertical magnetic field distribution characteristic of the evaluated array coil model. The vertical magnetic field distribution of several circular flat spiral air core coils, in both single and array coil models with different coil geometries were investigated to obtain the relation between the coil parameters and the distance between the adjoining coil centers to generate uniform vertical magnetic field distribution. A case study was also conducted to analyze and evaluate several array coil model patterns (1 × 2 array coil, 1 × 3 array coil, 2 × 2 array coil, 2 × 3 array coil) to meet uniform vertical magnetic field distribution. The array coil model is composed of an identical single circular flat spiral air-core coil. Every single coil has inner coil diameter (Di), outer coil diameter (Do), wire diameter (W), pitch (P) and a number of turns (N) at 25 mm, 47.8 mm, 0.643 mm, 0.03 mm, 17 respectively. The study and evaluation of several array coil pattern models show that the distance between the adjoining coil centers should be defined close to the half of coil outer diameter (1/2Do) to generate close to uniform vertical magnetic field distribution. The vertical magnetic field distribution average and magnetic field effective transmitting areas array coil model with the given coil parameters changing as the effect in variation in distances between the adjoining coil centers.

Industry 4.0 is an integration between automation and manufacturing industry which requires the use of information technology to implement it. In the operational management framework, there is a supply chain management function that is strongly influenced by quality suppliers. Because choosing a quality new supplier is not an easy thing, we need a reliable application tool and utilizing web-based artificial intelligence technology for the selection of suppliers in the manufacturing industry. The selection of new suppliers is a complex problem because it involves multiple criteria, therefore it is necessary to make a decision support system that is able to complete supplier selection properly. Although the selection of suppliers in the manufacturing industry is not new, in the era of Industry 4.0, a decision support system that is used to choose an absolute supplier based online that must be accessible via the web or mobile application. Therefore the writer's idea in this paper is very relevant to be implemented in the manufacturing industry in all fields in the industrial era 4.0.

ABSTRAKAliran Fluida yang mengalir melalui belokan pipa menyebabkan terjadinya separasi. Separasi mengakibatkan terjadinya vortex, getaran, dan kavitasi, dimana kerugian tersebut mengakibatkan kerugian head meningkat dan berpotensi merusak instalasi pipa sehingga separasi perlu dihilangkan. Separasi ini ditandai dengan penurunan tekanan yang besar pada bagian hilir belokan pipa. Untuk memperkecil penurunan tekanan pada belokan pipa diperlukan suatu alat pengkondisi aliran (flow conditioner) berupa tube bundle (gabungan pipa). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh peletakan tube bundle tersebut terhadap kerugian head yang berupa penurunan tekanan. Belokan pipa yang diuji dipasang pada instalasi pipa yang telah dilengkapi alat bantu pengujian seperti komputer dengan software-nya, pressure transmitter, dan rotameter. Variabel bebas pada penelitian ini adalah jarak peletakan tube bundle dari sisi keluaran belokan pipa 2D, 3D, 4D dan 5D serta debit aliran fluida yang melewati instalasi yaitu 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900 dan 2000 liter/jam. Sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah beda tekanan (∆p) diukur dengan pressure transmitter dan kerugian head yang nilainya diperoleh dari perhitungan beda tekanan tersebut. Pengujian dilakukan pada belokan pipa berdiameter 1,25 inci dengan jumlah lubang tube bundle 22 dan panjang 27 mm. Untuk mengetahui kerugian head yang terjadi, maka beda tekanan (∆p) fluida antara bagian hulu dan hilir belokan pipa diukur dengan menggunakan 2 buah pressure transmitter yang dihubungkan dengan komputer melalui ADC (Analog Digital Converter). Data yang telah terekam pada komputer diolah dengan bantuan LabView software sehingga diperoleh nilai rata-rata dari beda tekanan yang terjadi. Kata kunci:Kerugian head, tube bundle, belokan pipa. 1000 , 1100 , 1200 , 1300 , 1400 , 1500 , 1600 , 1700 , 1800 , 1900 and 2000 ABSTRACT Fluid flow flowing through an elbow causes separation. Separation leads to vortex, shake and cavity. As a result, the head loss will increase and the pipe installation is potentially damaged. Thus, separation must be eliminated. The separation is identified by the presence of high pressure decreasing in the downstream of elbow. To minimize the pressure decreasing in elbow, we need flow conditioner like a tube bundle. The aim of this research is to identify the influence of tube bundle placement toward the head loss such as pressure drop. The elbow being tested is placed on a pipe installation already equipped by testing aids such as computers and its