AbstrakBahan karbon disintesis dari limbah kulit durian menggunakan reaktor hidrotermal pada suhu 275C selama 1 jam. Bahan karbon yang diperoleh kemudian dipisahkan dari fase cair dan dikeringkan dalam oven selama 12 jam dan diaktifkan dalam tungku dengan meningkatkan suhu secara bertahap hingga 800C selama 2 jam di dalam atmosfer nitrogen dengan laju aliran gas 50 mL/menit. Sifat permukaan dari bahan karbon dipelajari menggunakan pemindaian mikroskop elektron (SEM) dan analisis Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Luas permukaan karbon aktif yang diperoleh adalah 1327 m 2 /g. Sifat elektrokimia karbon aktif dievaluasi dengan menggunakan Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) dan Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Superkapasitor yang dibuat adalah kapasitor Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) simetris menggunakan elektrolit KOH 6 M terlarut dalam etanol. Kapasitansi spesifik yang diperoleh adalah 18 mF/g. AbstractCarbon materials was synthesized from durian shell waste using hydrothermal reactor at 275C for 1 hour. The carbon materials obtained then separated from liquid phase and dried in oven for 12 hours and activated in furnace by gradually increasing the temperature to 800C for 2 hours under nitrogen atmosphere with gas flow rate of 50 mL/minutes. Surface properties of the carbon materials was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The surface area of the activated carbon was found to be 1327 m 2 /g. The electrochemical properties of activated carbons were evaluated by using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitor was fabricated as symmetrical Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) and their electrochemical properties were studied. Specific capacitance of 18 mF/g in 6 M ethanol dissolved KOH electrolyte was obtained.
Kandungan sukrosa, kandungan fosfat anorganik (Pi) dan kandungan thiol merupakan analisa diagnosa lateks yang berkaitan dengan kemampuan tanaman karet dalam pembentukan lateks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh usia tanaman karet terhadap analisa diagnosa lateks pada klon RRIM 921 pada usia tanaman karet dari usia 5 tahun sampai 24 tahun. Panel sistem sadap tanaman karet terdiri dari panel sistem sadap sorong (BO) pada usia tanaman 5 tahun sampai 12 tahun sedangkan panel sistem sadap tarik (HO) pada usia tanaman dari 16 tahun hingga 24 tahun (satu siklus tanaman karet). Potensi dan produktivitas latex dari tanaman karet tertinggi diperoleh sebanyak 4,8 kg/pohon dan 2401 kg/ha/tahun pada usia tanaman 15 tahun dengan panel sistem sadap HO1. Kandungan sukrosa maksimum diperoleh sebesar 9,9mM pada usia tanaman 15 tahun dengan panel sistem sadap HO1. Kandungan Pi tertinggi sebesar 26.5mM diperoleh pada usia tanaman karet 9 tahun dengan panel sistem sadap BO2. Kandungan thiol paling tinggi sekitar 0,98mM diperoleh pada usia tanaman karet 7 tahun dengan sistem panel sadap BO1.3. Selanjutnya maksimum DRC diperoleh sebesar 46,8% pada usia tanaman karet 14-16 tahun dengan panel sistem HO1 dan HO2.
AbstrakOnggok merupakan limbah padat industri tapioka yang sangat berlimpah dengan kandungan selulosa tinggi yang menjadikan onggok menjadi salah satu alternatif bahan yang dapat mensubstitusi batubara. Nilai kalor onggok yang rendah sekitar 2783 Kkal/kg memerlukan usaha peningkatan kalori bahan. Peningkatan nilai kalor onggok dengan cara karbonisasi di dalam tanur secara pirolisis. Pengkajian onggok dengan pirolisis untuk menggantikan batubara serta usaha peningkatan nilai kalor yang sama dengan batubara komersil perlu dilakukan. Pada penelitian ini dikaji pengaruh waktu dan temperatur karbonisasi onggok. Temperatur yang dikaji adalah 300, 350, dan 400°C dan waktu karbonisasi selama 60, 90, dan 120 menit. Onggok yang dipirolisis dilakukan uji nilai kalor dan uji proksimat (kadar air dan kadar abu). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa onggok dapat mensubstitusi batubara karena memiliki kadar abu dan air yang rendah yaitu dengan kadar abu maksimal 5,9% dan kadar air maksimal 1,6%. Temperatur dan waktu optimal untuk melakukan proses karbonisasi adalah 350°C dan 90 menit dengan nilai kalor bahan yang dihasilkan sebesar 6047 Kkal/kg. AbstractOnggok is a tapioca industrial solid waste with high cellulose content and is abundant that makes onggok an alternative material for coal. The low calorie value of onggok is around 2783 Kcal/kg which requires an effort to increase its calorie value. Increasing the calorie value of onggok by carbonization in the pyrolysis furnace. The study of onggok pyrolysis to improve its calorie value as good as commercial coal needs to be done. In this study, the effect of time and temperature of carbonization to onggok properties was examined. The temperature of carbonization was 300, 350 and 400°C and the carbonization time was 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Calorie value, moisture and ash content of pyrolyzed onggok was analyzed. The results showed that onggok can substitute coal since it has low ash and moisture content. The maximum ash and moisture content were 5.9% and 1.6%, subsequently. The optimal temperature and carbonization time were 350°C and 90 minutes with the calorific value of 6047 Kcal/kg.
Production of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) through the fermentation process is one alternative that needs to be developed. Less economical in the ABE fermentation process is the difficulty of the separation process from the fermentation product and the by-products of the reaction. Among the separation process methods, such as extraction, distillation, adsorption, and gas stripping, the distillation method is still the most widely used method in the ABE separation process. The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations for predicting good ABE separation and producing optimum operating conditions to produce high % butanol content. Which is then simulated using Aspen Plus V11 software. This study varied the reflux ratio in the distillation column and the decanter operating temperature. The results showed that butanol purity reached 90.33% in the radfrac 1 column operated at a pressure of 1.3 atm with a reflux ratio of 5, the location of the 7th feed stage and the number of stages 11. Then proceed to the purification stage in the radfrac column 2 which is operated at a pressure of 2 atm with a reflux ratio of 5, the location of the 4th stage feed and the number of stages 5. The decrease in the reflux ratio of the radfrac column causes a decrease in the butanol content at the bottom so that the purity of butanol also decreases and decreases % recovery or recovery of butanol. This is also followed by the location of the feed stage, which is getting higher, and the number of stages is increasing.
Tapioca industrial solid waste is a very abundant and high cellulose content that makes solid waste from tapioca industrial an alternative material substituted to coal. The low-calorie value of solid waste is around 2783 Kcal/kg, which requires an effort to increase calorie value—increasing the calorie value of solid waste by carbonization in the pyrolysis furnace. The study of solid waste with pyrolysis to replace coal and improve the calorie value similar to commercial coal needs to be done. In this study, the influence of time and temperature on the carbonization of solid waste was examined. The carbonization temperature was 300, 350, and 400°C, and the carbonization time was 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Solid waste was pyrolysis and analyzed for calorie value and proximate test (moisture content and ash content). The results showed that solid waste from tapioca industrial could be substituted for coal because it has a low ash content and moisture content, with a maximum ash content of 5.9% and a maximum moisture content of 1.6%. The optimal temperature and carbonization time are 350oC and 90 minutes, with the calorific value of the material produced at 6047 Kcal/kg.
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