tions at specified growth stages is the most common practice followed by the farmers (PhilRice, 1991;Pillai Low N use efficiency (NUE) continues to be a problem in the rice and Kundu, 1993).This does not consider the dynamic (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The leaf color chart (LCC)-based real-time N management can be crop N requirement and soil N supply because N recomused to optimize/synchronize N application with crop demand or to mendations were mainly derived from empirical testing improve existing fixed split N recommendations. We conducted a field of N response to few fixed doses. In fixed-time recomexperiment during 2001-2003 at Modipuram, India, to determine the mended N split schedule, the N splitting is skewed, the threshold LCC values for N application in rice and wheat, assess the first two splittings [one as basal at the time of planting/ need for basal N application, calibrate the LCC with a chlorophyll sowing and another at 25 to 30 d after transplanting meter (SPAD), and work out the economics of rice-wheat systems. (DAT) in rice and 21 to 25 d after sowing (DAS) in Treatments consisted of LCC scores of 2 to 5 for different cultivars wheat] occur at 21 to 30 DAS/DAT, and third dose is of rice and wheat and were compared with the zero-N control and a split at panicle initiation (PI) stage. In some rice-growrecommended fixed-time N splitting. In rice, LCC Յ 3 for 'Basmatiing countries, present recommendations call for 50 to 370', 4 for 'Saket-4', and 5 for 'Hybrid 6111/PHB-71' produced higher yield and NUE than recommended N splits. In wheat, maintenance and A.
Cropping system level study is not only useful to understand the overall sustainability of agricultural system, but also it helps in generating many important parameters which are useful in climate change impact assessment. Considering its importance, Space Applications Centre, took up a project for mapping and characterizing major cropping systems of Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The study area included the five states of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India, i.e. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. There were two aspects of the study. The first aspect included state and district level cropping system mapping using multi-date remote sensing (IRS-AWiFS and Radarsat ScanSAR) data. The second part was to characterize the cropping system using moderate resolution multi-date remote sensing data (SPOT VGT NDVI) and ground survey. While the remote sensing data was used to compute three performance indices (namely, Multiple Cropping Index, Area Diversity Index and Cultivated Land Utilization Index), the ground survey was conducted using questionnaires filled up by 1,000 farmers selected from 103 villages based on the cropping systems map. Apart from ground survey, soil and water sampling and quality analysis was carried out to understand the effect of different cropping systems and their management practices. The results showed that, rice-wheat was the major cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, followed by Rice-Fallow-Fallow and Maize-Wheat. Other major cropping systems of IGP included Sugarcane based, Pearl millet-Wheat, Rice-Fallow-Rice, CottonWheat. The ground survey could identify 77 cropping systems, out of which 38 are rice-based systems. Out of these 77 cropping systems, there were 5 single crop systems, occupying 6.5% coverage (of all cropping system area), 56 double crop systems with 72.7% coverage, and 16 triple crop systems with 20.8% coverage. The cropping system performance analysis showed that the crop diversity was found to be highest in Haryana, while the cropping intensity was highest in Punjab state.
PurposeThis paper aims to describe a model to provide a mechanism for the development of a union catalogue for geoscience theses based on open source software (GSDL) and to show how libraries can use open source as a vehicle for promoting library services. It is used for the geoscience community and educational users in India.Design/methodology/approachThe system is based on open source software (GSDL, Apache, PERL, JRE). GeoTheses can be used both in offline mode (i.e. self‐installable CD‐ROM) and online through the web.FindingsThe findings of this study suggest that GeoTheses can serve as an online distributed digital library for geoscience theses held in India and will enhance the geoscience research activity by providing nascent information pinpointedly, exhaustively and expeditiously.Research limitation/implicationsThis is a pilot study, with the only limitation being that very few samples have been considered. This will be investigated further with a wider population, which will improve the GeoTheses system.Practical implicationsThese results suggest that a system like GeoTheses could be used by the geoscience research communities, which would help to serve students and scientists working in the field to access information from other geoscience institutes around the world quickly.Originality/valueThe paper describes the application of open source software, GSDL as a form of resource sharing, an electronic archive and a high quality, central database of records for geosciences theses in India.
Viral hepatitis is still considered a major cause of the burden of disease in India. It is the most common cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Prisoners are one of the groups at most risk for hepatitis. This study aimed to estimate the pooled estimates of the prevalence of hepatitis B and C among prisoners in India. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for study selection. The extensive search was done through databases of PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. All cross-sectional studies conducted to find the prevalence of hepatitis B and C among prison inmates in India published till June 2020 were screened and included in this meta-analysis. The analysis was conducted using the random-effects model. The heterogeneity was estimated using the I2 indicator. After extracting the required data, the meta-analysis was performed using the software Stata, version 12 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas). The study is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration no: CRD42020185137). Out of a total of 970 articles searched through the database of PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, five studies that met the inclusion criteria were included and analyzed. Hepatitis B and C prevalence were given in four studies each. The results showed that the overall prevalence of hepatitis B and C in prisoners was 8% (95% CI: 4-12) and 7% (95% CI: 1-13). The studies show high heterogeneity with no evidence of publication bias. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C among male prisoners was 4.48% (95% CI: 3.64%-5.32%) and 6.35% (95% CI: 5.48%-7.23%), respectively, while the prevalence among female prisoners was 1.53% (95% CI: 0.31-2.75) and 2.10% (95% CI: 0.28-3.93), respectively. The study findings show a high prevalence of hepatitis B and C in prisoners, which is of particular concern. Appropriate and effective interventions to reduce the transmission of hepatitis B and C in prisons are essential.
A bstract Background With the looming threat of recurrent waves of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in the presence of mutated strains, it is of paramount importance to understand the demographic and clinical attributes of COVID-19 related mortalities in each pandemic wave. This could help policy makers, public health experts, and clinicians to better plan preventive and management strategies to curb COVID-19 related mortality. Materials and methods This was a hospital record-based, retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study, at a tertiary care hospital in Rishikesh, India. The study included all deceased patients between March 2020 and January 2021 (first wave) who had tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and were hospitalized. The study was done to describe demography, clinical presentation, laboratory parameters, treatment given, and associated complications of all COVID-19 deaths. Result Out of 424 mortalities, 298 (70.38%) were males and 126 (29.62%) were females. Mean age of patients was 55.85 ± 16.24 years, out of which 19.5% were less than 45 years old, 33.6% were 45–60 years old, and 41.8% were more than 60 years old. Comorbidity in the form of type II diabetes mellitus was present in 41.4% [95% CI (41.4–51.1)], hypertension in 39.8% [95% CI (35.1–44.6)], and coronary artery disease (CAD) in 15.2% [95% CI (11.8–18.8)]. At the time of presentation, shortness of breath was present in 73.6% [95% CI (69.1–77.7)], fever in 64.92% [95% CI (60.1–69.4)], and cough in 46.1%, [95% CI (41.1–50.8)]. Deranged laboratory parameters were lymphopenia in 90.2% [95% CI (86.8–92.7)], transaminitis in 59.7% [95% CI (54.8–64.3)], and hypercreatinemia in 37.7% [95% CI (33.1–42.5)]. Complications manifested were acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 78.3% [95% CI (74–82.1)] and shock in 54.7% [95% CI (49.8–59.5)]. Median time duration between onset of symptom and hospital admission was 5 days (interquartile range (IQR) = 3–5 days) and median length of hospital stay was 9 days (IQR = 4–14 days). Conclusion During the first pandemic wave, COVID-19 related mortality was 2.37 times higher among males, 2.14 times in the age group >60 than <45 years. The most common associated comorbidities (>40%) were type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The most common associated symptoms (>60%) were shortness of breath and fever. Lymphopenia was seen in >90% cases while liver involvement in 60% and kidney in 38% cases. Median hospital stay was doubled the prehospital illness. How to cite this article Tendulkar P, Pandey P, Panda PK, Bhadoria AS, Kulshreshtha P. Descriptive Epidemiology of COVID-19 Deaths during the First Wave of Pandemic in India: A Single-center Experience. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(1):71–75.
BackgroundThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuously evolving and many mutant variants of the virus are circulating in the world. Recurrent waves of COVID-19 have caused enormous mortality all over the world. It is of utmost importance for a health expert to understand the demographic and clinical attributes between the first and second waves of COVID-19 induced deaths.MethodThis was a hospital record based comparative study of baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters of the first and second wave of COVID-19 in a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand, India. The study included all deceased patients admitted to the hospital during the first and second wave of COVID-19, i.e., between March 2020 to January 2021 and between March 2021 to June 2021, respectively.ResultThe study showed that there were more casualties in the second wave compared to the first, 475 (19.8%) and 424 (24.1%) respectively. There was no significant difference in terms of age. A male preponderance of mortality was evident in both the waves. The median duration of hospital stay was 5 (3-10) days in the second wave, which is significantly different from the corresponding duration in first wave (p<o.ooo). The most common clinical manifestation among the deceased were dyspnoea in both the waves, followed by fever and cough, the difference was statistically significant for cough (p< 0.000) The most prevalent comorbidity was diabetes mellitus (DM), followed by hypertension (HTN), with significant difference for HTN (p<0.003). The most frequently deranged lab parameter was lymphopenia with a significant difference across both the waves (p<0.000).ConclusionIn both the first and second COVID-19 waves, older males (>45 years) with comorbidities like HTN and DM were most susceptible for COVID-19 related mortality. The study also demonstrated that most of the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics which are attributed to the mortality were more common during the second wave of COVID-19.
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