tions at specified growth stages is the most common practice followed by the farmers (PhilRice, 1991;Pillai Low N use efficiency (NUE) continues to be a problem in the rice and Kundu, 1993).This does not consider the dynamic (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The leaf color chart (LCC)-based real-time N management can be crop N requirement and soil N supply because N recomused to optimize/synchronize N application with crop demand or to mendations were mainly derived from empirical testing improve existing fixed split N recommendations. We conducted a field of N response to few fixed doses. In fixed-time recomexperiment during 2001-2003 at Modipuram, India, to determine the mended N split schedule, the N splitting is skewed, the threshold LCC values for N application in rice and wheat, assess the first two splittings [one as basal at the time of planting/ need for basal N application, calibrate the LCC with a chlorophyll sowing and another at 25 to 30 d after transplanting meter (SPAD), and work out the economics of rice-wheat systems. (DAT) in rice and 21 to 25 d after sowing (DAS) in Treatments consisted of LCC scores of 2 to 5 for different cultivars wheat] occur at 21 to 30 DAS/DAT, and third dose is of rice and wheat and were compared with the zero-N control and a split at panicle initiation (PI) stage. In some rice-growrecommended fixed-time N splitting. In rice, LCC Յ 3 for 'Basmatiing countries, present recommendations call for 50 to 370', 4 for 'Saket-4', and 5 for 'Hybrid 6111/PHB-71' produced higher yield and NUE than recommended N splits. In wheat, maintenance and A.
PurposeThis paper aims to describe a model to provide a mechanism for the development of a union catalogue for geoscience theses based on open source software (GSDL) and to show how libraries can use open source as a vehicle for promoting library services. It is used for the geoscience community and educational users in India.Design/methodology/approachThe system is based on open source software (GSDL, Apache, PERL, JRE). GeoTheses can be used both in offline mode (i.e. self‐installable CD‐ROM) and online through the web.FindingsThe findings of this study suggest that GeoTheses can serve as an online distributed digital library for geoscience theses held in India and will enhance the geoscience research activity by providing nascent information pinpointedly, exhaustively and expeditiously.Research limitation/implicationsThis is a pilot study, with the only limitation being that very few samples have been considered. This will be investigated further with a wider population, which will improve the GeoTheses system.Practical implicationsThese results suggest that a system like GeoTheses could be used by the geoscience research communities, which would help to serve students and scientists working in the field to access information from other geoscience institutes around the world quickly.Originality/valueThe paper describes the application of open source software, GSDL as a form of resource sharing, an electronic archive and a high quality, central database of records for geosciences theses in India.
Cropping system level study is not only useful to understand the overall sustainability of agricultural system, but also it helps in generating many important parameters which are useful in climate change impact assessment. Considering its importance, Space Applications Centre, took up a project for mapping and characterizing major cropping systems of Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The study area included the five states of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India, i.e. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. There were two aspects of the study. The first aspect included state and district level cropping system mapping using multi-date remote sensing (IRS-AWiFS and Radarsat ScanSAR) data. The second part was to characterize the cropping system using moderate resolution multi-date remote sensing data (SPOT VGT NDVI) and ground survey. While the remote sensing data was used to compute three performance indices (namely, Multiple Cropping Index, Area Diversity Index and Cultivated Land Utilization Index), the ground survey was conducted using questionnaires filled up by 1,000 farmers selected from 103 villages based on the cropping systems map. Apart from ground survey, soil and water sampling and quality analysis was carried out to understand the effect of different cropping systems and their management practices. The results showed that, rice-wheat was the major cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, followed by Rice-Fallow-Fallow and Maize-Wheat. Other major cropping systems of IGP included Sugarcane based, Pearl millet-Wheat, Rice-Fallow-Rice, CottonWheat. The ground survey could identify 77 cropping systems, out of which 38 are rice-based systems. Out of these 77 cropping systems, there were 5 single crop systems, occupying 6.5% coverage (of all cropping system area), 56 double crop systems with 72.7% coverage, and 16 triple crop systems with 20.8% coverage. The cropping system performance analysis showed that the crop diversity was found to be highest in Haryana, while the cropping intensity was highest in Punjab state.
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