As a magician in India, Andrographis paniculata is called Crete or the King of Bitters because of its bitter taste. It is known for ethnic medicine to treat diseases, inflammation, cold, fever, snake bite, diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, kidney disease and antioxidant. This study was done by preparing the solution in ethanol for the whole plant. Phytochemical analysis was performed due to the presence of important drugs as well as phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids. It has been reported that these secondary metabolites have many biological and therapeutic properties, so it is expected that this species has many medicinal applications. It is rich in phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids and exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (including antibacterial and antifungal). This study was conducted using the agar disc diffusion method, in which the extract shows antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, and may be the ingredients used in the method. The source of the antibiotic depends on the concentration. In addition, by several free-flow studies, the antioxidant capacity of paniculata plants has been confirmed. Therefore, they are also effective antioxidants and have anti-cancer properties.
Citrus canker is a bacterial disease which occurs in citrus (lemon) species produce by Xanthomonas especially X. citri. The infection occurs on the lesions of leaves, stems, and fruits of citrus trees, it also occurs in other plants such as orange, grapes. The main goal of this study was to prevent the lemon (citrus) disease such as citrus canker by using some cellulase enzymes produces by soil fungi. In the present study, we isolated soil fungi Trichoderma viride, which produces cellulase enzyme these have higher antibacterial activities against plant pathogen such as X. citri. This enzyme produced by T. viride by using fermentation method, quantified by DNAS method and used as a bio-control agent against X. citri. They also isolated and characterized X. citri. In the last step of the study they have checked antibacterial activity of cellulase enzyme against X. citri. The present study concluded that cellulase enzyme produced by T. viride shows higher antibacterial activity against X. citri when treated it at 100°C.
Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) associated infection is a growing concern in healthcare settings now a day. MR-CoNS are the main infectious agents of the hospital acquired infection. Clinical staffs to patients transmission of resistant strains have caused a rapid increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in recent years. Growing rate of antimicrobial resistant against available antibiotics of MR-CoNS is a developing problem in low income or lower middle income counties. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence MR-CoNS isolated from different clinical staffs of tertiary care hospital. This prospective study conducted in clinical staffs, nasal swab were collected from all the participants. Screening of CoNS were done on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical tests, identification and AST analysis done by VITEK-2 automated system. Methicillin resistance pattern was checked by VITEK-2 and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI guideline. A total of 129 nasal swab samples were collected from clinical staffs, of which n=81 isolates (85.6%) were CoNS. Among n=81 CoNS, (48.12%) , (41.97%) , (7.4%) and (2.4%) were reported. Out of n=81 CoNS isolates, n=26 were conformed as MR-CoNS. Maximum methicillin resistance were reported in 53.48% (14/26), 42.30% (11/26), 3.84% (1/26) and 0% (0/26). Theoccurrence rate of MR-CoNS are higher (20.6%) in the healthcare workers and most of the methicillin resistant-CoNS isolates shows high level of resistance against widely used antibiotics but all the isolates susceptible against vancomycin.
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