Dental caries has a multifactorial etiology in which there is interplay of three principal factors. The host (saliva and teeth), the micro flora (plaque), and the substrate (diet), and a fourth factor time. Many times the initiation, development and progression of dental caries are often influenced by the oral health status, aetiology, modifying factors, preventive factors and other risk factors. There is no single test that takes into consideration all these factors and can accurately predict an individual's susceptibility to caries. The risk of dental caries can be evaluated by analyzing and integrating several causative factors. Caries risk assessments during treatment can serve as monitoring aid for the success of the treatment. The aim of this review is to assess the risk factors associated with dental caries so that the treatment can be planned accordingly.
Subjects with chronic periodontitis showed increased serum cholesterol and LDL levels. This may suggest that these subjects are potentially at a risk of getting CVD.
Background: Frequency of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events increase even in early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study was aimed to understand the cardiovascular profile of patients with CKD.Methods: This observational study was conducted on patients who were admitted with chronic kidney disease in Sri Venkateswara Rama Narayan RUIA Government General Hospital, Tirupati. Patients were classified according to their severity of CKD. All patients had an electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. Results of various biochemical investigations, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were compared between patients with mild, moderate and severe CKD.Results: Combined diabetes mellitus and hypertension was found to be the most common case of CKD in Authors patient population (43%), followed by diabetes mellitus alone (37%). Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were found to be significantly higher and creatinine clearance and haemoglobin were significantly lower among patients with severe CKD. Electrocardiography revealed 50% had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 30% had tall ‘T’ waves and 15 % had ST-segment changes. Mean inter-ventricular septal end diastole thickness and mean left ventricular mass was found to be significantly in patients with severe CKD as compared to mild CKD.Conclusions: Extensive cardiovascular evaluation of patients with CKD is warranted even if the classical symptoms are not absent and early cardiovascular rehabilitation should be instituted in such patients.
BACKGROUND Many people suffer from colour blindness but most of them remain undetected. Hence screening at the level of school going age leads to early detection and helps in guiding them in studies and professional choices. We wanted to find the prevalence of colour blindness in the age group of 11-15 years of school going children and to compare the prevalence rate between male and female students in Mandya district, Karnataka. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross sectional observational study was done on 1571 students from four different schools of the same city to assess the prevalence of colour blindness. Students were examined with Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Colour Plates 38 th Edition. If the student was found to be colour blind, the student was further classified into different types of colour blindness. The data collected was then analysed to evaluate the prevalence of colour blindness, compare the prevalence between male and female students. RESULTS A total of 1571 students were evaluated from 4 different schools of the Mandya district among which 897 (57.09%) were males and 674 (42.90%) were female students who were in the age group between 11-15 years. The prevalence of colour blindness was found to be 1.4% (23 students out of 1571 students). Colour blindness was seen in 21 (1.3%) male students and 2 (0.1%) female students. Among the colour blind, 20 (1.2%) were protanopes, 3 (0.2%) were deuteranopes and none were tritanope. Males were affected more than female students. CONCLUSION Significant male population suffers from the congenital colour vision disorder. Those with congenital colour vision disorder should be properly examined early for colour vision disorder to rule out colour blindness in school children. Proper guidance can then be given to students about leaning pattern and even in finding an appropriate job/profession.
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