Patients with CBE have many of the same sexual and relationship successes and concerns as the general population. This is invaluable information to give to both the parents of boys with CBE, and to the boys themselves as they transition to adulthood.

In this study, a pattern of delayed referral and intervention was observed at both institutions despite differing geographic regions and heterogeneous patient populations. It is important that referring providers realize that scrotal U/S does not change management of UDT and should not delay prompt referral. What is known: • Significant referral delay is a challenging issue in the management of cryptorchidism. • Ultrasound is not a valid method for the detection of cryptorchidism. What is new: • The rural and urban management of cryptorchidism is not that different. • More emphasis should be put on the detection management of cryptorchidism.

Purpose Kidney transplantation is one of the best treatment options for end-stage renal disease with an incidence of urologic complications of 2.5 to 30%. One of the most serious and frequent urological complications is urinary leakage from ureteroneocystostomy anastomosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors of urinary leakage from ureteroneocystostomy anastomosis after kidney transplantation. Patients and Methods A retrospective study was performed on patients who received kidney transplantation and were diagnosed with urinary leakage thereafter based on renal scan or drain creatinine per serum creatinine compared with patients in control group. Risk factor assessment was based on inpatient and outpatient information from hospital database. Results From 459 patients who received kidney transplantation in 2016–2018, there were 20 patients who were diagnosed with urinary leakage after they underwent ureteroneocystostomy anastomosis. The significant risk factors for anastomosis leakage were size of suture materials and duration of ureteral stent insertion. No statistically significant difference in other factors such as underlying disease, surgical technique or duration of urinary catheter was found. About overall urological complication, gender and body mass index significantly affected the outcome. Conclusion The rate of urinary leakage complications was found to be about 4.36%. The risk factors of overall complication comprised gender and body mass index. Although a lot of previous studies revealed many risk factors that could affect urinary leakage, size of suture materials and duration of ureteral stent insertion were the significant risk factors in our study. Proper consideration should be given to the size of suture materials and optimal duration of ureteral stent.

Introduction and hypothesis Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a common problem associated with lower urinary tract and gynecological symptoms due to the decrease in estrogen production in postmenopausal women. Topical estrogen therapy is shown to improve these symptoms; nonetheless, there are limited data on the efficacy of nonhormonal moisturizers in these patients. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted to compare the symptoms of GSM before and after treatment with a polycarbophil-based cream in 42 women. The quality of life (QoL) and sexual scores were obtained from the Thai version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire-Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-LUTS) along with uroflow measurements before and 4 and 12 weeks after treatment. Results Significant improvements in ICIQ-LUTSqol scores were observed after 4 weeks (9.38 ± 7.47 vs 6.76 ± 5.77; p = 0.017) and 12 weeks (10.03 ± 7.49 vs 5.97 ± 4.02; p = 0.002) when compared with the baseline values before treatment. The ICIQ-LUTS sexual scores were also improved after treatment at 4 weeks (2.29 ± 2.26 vs 0.88 ± 1.34; p < 0.001) and 12 weeks (2.13 ± 2.22 vs 0.42 ± 0.81; p < 0.001) compared with the baseline scores. No differences in ICIQ-LUTSqol and sexual scores were observed between the 4- and 12-week treatment groups. Conclusion The polycarbophil-based cream improved the overall LUTS and sexual symptoms in the patients with GSM, thus indicating that the nonhormonal polycarbophil-based cream may prove effective for the treatment for women with this condition.

Proper immobilization with modified Buck traction and external fixation, immobilization time greater than 4 weeks and undergoing osteotomy performed by a pediatric orthopedic surgeon are crucial factors for successful primary closure with osteotomy.

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Background: Kidney transplantation is the most valuable renal replacement therapy. One of the most common urologic complications following kidney transplantation is ureter anastomosis leakage, which leads to high morbidity along with kidney graft loss. We hypothesized that indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence videography can assess ureter perfusion after revascularization of transplanted kidneys.Methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study in end-stage renal disease patients who underwent deceased donor kidney transplantation at Ramathibodi Hospital from September 2019 to January 2020. The segments of transplanted ureters were categorized as having good or poor perfusion based on the percentage from ICG fluorescence videography images. Then the results from ICG fluorescence videography were compared with histopathology which is considered the gold standard.Results: Thirty-one sections of dissected ureters were evaluated from 10 patients. Compared with pathological diagnosis of ureteral ischemia, ICG videography had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and positive likelihood ratio of 100%, 92.6%, 66.7%, 100%, and 14, respectively. Accuracy was 93.6%. The area under the curve of ICG fluorescence videography was 0.96. The average ureter length that maintained good perfusion was 14 cm from the ureteropelvic junction.Adverse events from ICG were not observed in this study. Conclusions:We conclude that ICG fluorescence videography is beneficial for detection of early ureteral ischemia in kidney transplantation patients, with negligible adverse events. However, further studies with larger numbers of patients are necessary to confirm our results and clinical outcomes regarding complication rates.

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