Recently, we showed that microRNA399s (miR399s) control inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis by regulating the expression of PHO2 encoding a ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme 24. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants overexpressing miR399 or the pho2 mutant overaccumulate Pi in shoots. The association of Pi translocation and coexpression of miR399s and PHO2 in vascular tissues suggests their involvement in long-distance signaling. In this study, we used reciprocal grafting between wild-type and miR399-overexpressing transgenic plants to dissect the systemic roles of miR399 and PHO2. Arabidopsis rootstocks overexpressing miR399 showed high accumulation of Pi in the wild-type scions because of reduced PHO2 expression in the rootstocks. Although miR399 precursors or expression was not detected, we found a small but substantial amount of mature miR399 in the wild-type rootstocks grafted with transgenic scions, which indicates the movement of miR399 from shoots to roots. Suppression of PHO2 with miR399b or c was less efficient than that with miR399f. Of note, findings in grafted Arabidopsis were also discovered in grafted tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants. The analysis of the pho1 mutant provides additional support for systemic suppression of PHO2 by the movement of miR399 from Pi-depleted shoots to Pi-sufficient roots. We propose that the long-distance movement of miR399s from shoots to roots is crucial to enhance Pi uptake and translocation during the onset of Pi deficiency. Moreover, PHO2 small interfering RNAs mediated by the cleavage of miR399s may function to refine the suppression of PHO2. The regulation of miR399 and PHO2 via long-distance communication in response to Pi deficiency is discussed.

A series of nanocomposite materials that consisted of emeraldine base of polyaniline and layered montmorillonite (MMT) clay were prepared by effectively dispersing the inorganic nanolayers of MMT clay in organic polyaniline matrix via in-situ polymerization. Organic aniline monomers were first intercalated into the interlayer regions of organophilic clay hosts and followed by an one-step oxidative polymerization. The as-synthesized polyaniline−clay lamellar nanocomposite materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Polyaniline−clay nanocomposites (PCN) in the form of coatings with low clay loading (e.g., 0.75 wt %) on cold-rolled steel (CRS) were found much superior in corrosion protection over those of conventional polyaniline based on a series of electrochemical measurements of corrosion potential, polarization resistance, and corrosion current in 5 wt % aqueous NaCl electrolyte. The molecular weights of polyaniline extracted from PCN materials and bulk polyaniline were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Effects of the material composition on the gas barrier property, thermal stability, and mechanical strength of polyaniline along with PCN materials, in the form of both fine powder and free-standing film, were also studied by gas permeability measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis.

The excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction in five-membered N-H...N hydrogen-bonding systems has been explored through design and syntheses of a series of 5-(2-pyridyl) 1-H-pyrazoles 1a-d. The ESIPT mechanism was confirmed through spectroscopy, relaxation dynamics, and corresponding methylated analogues. The results demonstrate for the first time a unique system among ESIPT molecules, in which ESIPT incorporates an appreciably large energy barrier fine-tuned by the skeletal reorganization. This makes 1a-d systems ideal models for probing the reaction potential energy surface.

The nonionic, red-emitting complexes [Os(fppz)2L2] (L = PPh2Me (1), PPhMe2 (2)) and [Os(bptz)2L2] (L = PPh2Me (3)) were synthesized, showing highly intense red phosphorescent emission in CH2Cl2 solution at λmax 617, 632, and 649 nm, respectively. The electroluminescent properties of these compounds on OLEDs showed promising device efficiencies required for future OLED applications.

The western honeybee (Apis mellifera) is essential for the global economy due to its important role in ecosystems and agriculture as a pollinator of numerous flowering plants and crops. Pesticide abuse has greatly impacted honeybees and caused tremendous loss of honeybee colonies worldwide. The reasons for colony loss remain unclear, but involvement of pesticides and pathogen-pesticide interactions has been hypothesized. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) inhibit the activity of histone acetylase, which causes the hyperacetylation of histone cores and influences gene expression. In this study, sodium butyrate, an HDACi, was used as a dietary supplement for honeybees; after treatment, gene expression profiles were analyzed using quantitative PCR. The results showed that sodium butyrate up-regulated genes involved in anti-pathogen and detoxification pathways. The bioassay results showed that honeybees treated with sodium butyrate were more tolerant to imidacloprid. Additionally, sodium butyrate strengthened the immune response of honeybees to invasions of Nosema ceranae and viral infections. We also performed a bioassay in which honeybees were exposed to pesticides and pathogens. Our results provide additional data regarding the mechanism by which honeybees react to stress and the potential application of HDACis in beekeeping.

No abstract

An ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, is used as reaction medium for the synthesis and crystallization of a coordination polymer, (EMI)[Cd(BTC)] (1) (EMI = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate), which forms an anionic three-dimensional framework with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cations located in the void space.

A total of three distinctive main group and transition metal complexes containing the 2-pyridyl pyrazolate (pypz) ligand were prepared, namely, [B(C 6 F 5 ) 2 (pypz)] (1), [Ru(CO) 2 -(pypz) 2 ] (2), and [Os(CO) 2 (pypz) 2 ] (3), where (pypz)H ) 3-trifluoromethyl-5-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on complexes 2 and 3, revealing octahedral coordination geometry with two CO ligands located at cis dispositions. While the pypz ligand arrangement for complex 2 is in cis-(N py ,N py ) and trans-(N pz ,N pz ), complex 3 reveals a different configuration, cis-(N pz ,N pz ) and trans-(N py ,N py ) (N py for pyridine-N and N pz for pyrazolate donor sites). Similar to that of the in-situ-prepared pypz anion, the boron complex [B(C 6 F 5 ) 2 (pypz)] (1) exhibits a strong emission centered at 380 nm, which is unambiguously assigned to fluorescence derived from the S 1 (ππ*) f S 0 transition. In contrast to the nonluminescent behavior for Ru complex 2, the Os complex 3 displays unique, strong room-temperature phosphorescence, showing vibronic progressions at 430, 457, and 480 nm. The remarkable differences in photophysical properties were rationalized by a combination of π-electron accepting CO ligand, relative pypz orientation, and heavy-atom-enhanced spinorbit coupling effects.