One may find difficulties with oral and parenteral drug delivery systems in a routine of clinical practice because they do not have sufficient compliance and bioavailability for patients. So, nowadays transdermal route is a greater area of interest of pharmaceutical research for delivering drug. But skin is the most challenging area to cross in transdermal delivery of drug as the stratum corneum & the outer layer of the skin have tight intracellular junctions. Researchers have developed various approaches like micro needle, sonophoresis, electrophoresis, and iontophoresis etc to overcome those complications for the transdermal delivery of drugs. Chemical permeation enhancers are needed in vesicular drug delivery system such as niosomes, liposomes, elastic liposomes (transfersomes and ethosomes) to improve their penetration property. Transferosomes can be prepared by a number of methods like vortexing, sonication method, freeze–thaw method, ethanol injection method, Reverse-phase evaporation method, etc. Transfersomes can carry wide ranges of drugs having a wide range of solubility within it as they are constructed of hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic moieties. The main property of transferosome is deformability. This flexible nature of the vesicle membrane helps transfersome to go across the narrow pores with a maximum amount of drugs present within it. They have high deformable capacity which exhibits advanced penetration capability of intact vesicles. Both high and low molecular weight drugs like albumin, insulin, corticosteroids, sex hormones, anesthetic, anticancer, analgesic can be fused within transfersome.
Numerous attempts were improved to access the bioavailability and clinical output of oral dosage forms. Different types of gastro retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) was developed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of medications which are unstable at alkaline pH, results a narrow absorption window with active locally in the stomach, and gets easily solubilized in acidic conditions. So the physiological condition of the stomach and the different elements that influence GRDDS will be discussed. In general, this review will illuminate and direct detailing researchers in planning, formulation, and designing the GRDDS.
Traditional phytomedicines owing to their affordable price and fewer side effects over synthetic preparations may have a wide range of applications in primary health care system. However, there was no scientific report documented so far on the excision wound healing activity of Parthenium hysterophorus-Turmeric ethanolic extract on rabbits. The present study deals with the formulation and evaluation of Parthenium hysterophorus-Turmeric ointment in definite ratio. The four batches were examined for hemocompatibility study and characterised for physical appearance, pH, rheological behaviour, in-vitro drug diffusion pattern, skin irritation excision wound healing and stability study. All the hemocompatible herbal formulations were found to possess satisfactory organoleptic properties and applicability parameters. An inverse relationship was observed between viscosity and % spreadability of ointments. Non-Fickian diffusion based controlled drug release was observed for all these topical preparations. Excision wound healing activity was assessed on the basis of % wound contraction, duration of epithelisation and tensile strength. PHTO1 (ethanolic extract of Parthenium hysterophorus: Turmeric-3:2) showed greater (1.10-1.34 times) wound healing activity compared to only Parthenium extract containing ointment (PHO1). Tissue debride effect was also observed after 7th day of applications of each formulation. All the prepared Parthenium-Turmeric formulations were found to be stable suggesting elaborative research to confirm the pharmacologically active constituent responsible for excision wound healing activity.
Personalized medication (PM) is a wide and progressed field of medical science with more accuracy of medication to educate every individual’s clinical data. This model categorizes individuals within discrete subject groups with medical accountability, utility, or products being customized to each group based on their expected response. It is an emergent and rapidly developing method of clinical practice which utilizes advanced technologies that give a conclusion concerning to the prognosis, prevention, recognition, and treatment of diseases. The advantages is to improve the usefulness of PM over traditionally approved drugs due to less toxicity and side effect with therapeutic efficacy, which leads to patient stratification, proactive treatment regimens resulting in reduced health-care costs, and ultimately enhanced the quality of life. This review focused to an extensive understanding of personalized medicines as a major therapeutic approach to overpass the health-care problems and highlights the challenges, current strategies, and future prospective.
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