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Red yeast Sporidiobolus pararoseus KM281507 has been recognized as a potential feed additive. Beyond their nutritional value (carotenoids and lipids), red yeast cells (RYCs) containing high levels of β-glucan can bind mycotoxins. This study investigated the industrial feasibility of the large-scale production of RYCs, along with their ability to act as a mycotoxin binder. Under a semi-controlled pH condition in a 300 L bioreactor, 28.70-g/L biomass, 8.67-g/L lipids, and 96.10-mg/L total carotenoids were obtained, and the RYCs were found to contain 5.73% (w/w) β-glucan. The encapsulated RYC was in vitro tested for its mycotoxin adsorption capacity, including for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin (T-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON). The RYCs had the highest binding capacity for OTA and T-2 at concentrations of 0.31–1.25 and 0.31–2.5 µg/mL, respectively. The mycotoxin adsorption capacity was further tested using a gastrointestinal poultry model. The adsorption capacities of the RYCs and a commercial mycotoxin binder (CMB) were comparable. The RYCs not only are rich in lipids and carotenoids but also play an important role in mycotoxin binding. Since the industrial-scale production and downstream processing of RYCs were successfully demonstrated, RYCs could be applied as possible feed additives.

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This study aimed to select thermotolerant yeast for bioethanol production from cellulose-rich corncob (CRC) residue. An effective yeast strain was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae TC-5. Bioethanol production from CRC residue via separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), and prehydrolysis-SSF (pre-SSF) using this strain were examined at 35–42 °C compared with the use of commercial S. cerevisiae. Temperatures up to 40 °C did not affect ethanol production by TC-5. The ethanol concentration obtained via the commercial S. cerevisiae decreased with increasing temperatures. The highest bioethanol concentrations obtained via SHF, SSF, and pre-SSF at 35–40 °C of strain TC-5 were not significantly different (20.13–21.64 g/L). The SSF process, with the highest ethanol productivity (0.291 g/L/h), was chosen to study the effect of solid loading at 40 °C. A CRC level of 12.5% (w/v) via fed-batch SSF resulted in the highest ethanol concentrations of 38.23 g/L. Thereafter, bioethanol production via fed-batch SSF with 12.5% (w/v) CRC was performed in 5-L bioreactor. The maximum ethanol concentration and ethanol productivity values were 31.96 g/L and 0.222 g/L/h, respectively. The thermotolerant S. cerevisiae TC-5 is promising yeast for bioethanol production under elevated temperatures via SSF and the use of second-generation substrates.

Delignification can be considered as a feasible process to pretreat lignocellulosic biomass in xylooligosaccharides production after the performance and efficiency has been improved through a few modifications. This study compared various pretreatment strategies such as Fenton, sonocatalytic, and sonocatalytic-synergistic Fenton employed on corncob in order to expose lignin content and saccharides to enhance the xylooligosaccharides yield by enzymatic hydrolysis. The dissolution of lignin and xylooligosaccharides production of corncob was enhanced by ultrasound assisted TiO2 and Fenton reaction. The corncob pretreated with a sonocatalytic-synergistic Fenton reaction gave the highest release of the lignin concentration level (1.03 g/L), dissolution level (80.25%), and xylooligosaccharides content (46.45 mg/g substrate). A two-step pretreatment processes consisting of the alkali treatment (pretreatment) and sonocatalytic-synergistic Fenton process (posttreatment) illustrated that subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis could be enhanced considerably. The release of the lignin concentration and xylooligosaccharides content were 33.20 g/L and 174.81 mg/g substrate, respectively. The antioxidant potential of xylooligosaccharides showed significant differences regarding the amount of xylooligosaccharides and the phenolic compounds produced.

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