We investigated unusual carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates (n = 8) in the novel sequence type (ST) 873, which caused nosocomial infections in 2 hospitals in France. Whole-genome sequence typing showed the 1-year persistence of the epidemic strain, which harbored a blaVIM-4 ST1-IncHI2 plasmid, in 1 health institution and 2 closely related strains harboring blaCTX-M-15 in the other. These isolates formed a new subgroup in the E. hormaechei metacluster, according to their hsp60 sequences and phylogenomic analysis. The average nucleotide identities, specific biochemical properties, and pangenomic and functional investigations of isolates suggested isolates of a novel species that had acquired genes associated with adhesion and mobility. The emergence of this novel Enterobacter phylogenetic lineage within hospitals should be closely monitored because of its ability to persist and spread.
The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors associated with CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from infected or colonized patients. From 191 clinical samples, a case-control study was designed. From January 2005 to December 2007, 98 hospitalized patients infected or colonized with CTX-M-producing E. coli were included in the study. They were matched 1 : 1 with controls that had a non-CTX-M-producing E. coli infection on the basis of the site of sample, the unit of hospitalization and the time at risk. The rate of CTX-M-producing E. coli among those producing extended spectrum β-lactamases was always ≥90% from 2005 to 2008. All strains were susceptible to carbapenems. However, we observed a high rate of co-resistance to ciprofloxacin (61%), sulphonamides (86%) and gentamicin (34%). Significant risk factors identified by multivariate analysis were recurrent infections (OR = 2.93), presence of artificial nutrition (OR = 3.99), and recent exposure to quinolones (OR = 4.39), third- or fourth-generation cephalosporin (OR = 3.49) and the combination of both antibiotic classes (OR = 5.50). This report highlights the dramatic increase of CTX-M-producing E. coli and the need for changes in the use of antimicrobial drugs and in infection control measures to manage this major health concern.
. Ovariectomy has been used to study the role of the ovary in endocrine homeostasis. Our studies on young virgin adults of the cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera, Blattellidae) show that the cytological development of the corpora allata (CA) in ovariectomized females proceeds as in intact specimens, whereas the rates of Juvenile Hormone (JH) synthesis are lower. Stimulation of the CA from ovariectomized females in vitro by mevalonolactone suggests that enzymatic mechanisms which follow mevalonate formation in the biosynthetic pathway are functional. The synthetic capabilities of these CA are also illustrated by the kinetics of JH production in vitro, because hormonal release increases with time to reach ‘normal’ levels after 8h of incubation. Our data suggest that the absence of ovaries leads to effective inhibition of JH biosynthesis rather than to an impairment of the developmental process in the CA cells.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.