TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractReview of single and double hull tanker designs has been conducted to identify the relevant aspects of the hull structure in the context of conversion into future FPSO systems. Typical designs have been selected and structural analyzes procedures for verification of the hull girder strength and the primary and secondary structures have been reviewed regarding yielding, buckling and fatigue strength. The typical defects and the main degradation modes based on the return of experience with tankers are also identified and a set of hull design parameters are described in order to evaluate the hulls candidates to conversion.The paper provides guidelines to assist the selection of trading tankers for conversion into FPSO. Based on a set of hull design parameters, different hull configurations are evaluated and the respective advantages and disadvantages assessed in order to identify the best candidates for conversion.Reserve of strength and corrosion margins have to be analyzed for each hull and compared with the FPSO project requirements, including field design life, environmental conditions and corrosion rates. Lists of typical defects and hazards based on the return of experience with tankers are also discussed. The paper also discuss the different designs based on the several parameters analyzed in order to provide guidelines to assess the hull structure condition, estimate the repair work at conversion and the inspection effort along the FPSO life.FPSO conversion projects based on existing trading tankers are still alternatives to new constructions for developments in areas like West Africa, Brazil and South East Asia. Nevertheless there are few tankers built before 1985 still available for conversion. Consequently single hull tankers built after mid 80s and double hulls built after early 90s became natural candidates to conversion into FPSO. Nevertheless, the decision making process regarding the
The main objectives of “Independent Verification of Safety Critical Elements” are to help substantiate that current oil and gas best practices are used, to provide assurance that facilities have been designed to operate safely throughout and to ensure that all Health Safety and Environment risks have been managed to acceptable / As Low As Reasonably Practicable levels. It anticipates the lack of applicable laws or standards, especially in the case of new environments. This approach, which was initially introduced in the United Kingdom after Piper Alpha disaster in 1988, is now becoming an industry standard worldwide. Offshore Russia offers extreme (remote and arctic) conditions which are a challenge today. This, and the lack of Russian Federation laws applicable to the control of Major Accident Hazards, may represent an issue regarding Health, Safety and Environment for operating companies. This paper will describe the history of independent verification, and particularly show its application on the Front End Engineering Design stage of a project lead in Russia. It will highlight the regulatory differences and the value of a goal setting process in such situations. This article shows an example of implementation in a country unfamiliar with independent verification.
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