The authors examined the interplay of personality and cultural factors in the prediction of the affective (hedonic balance) and the cognitive (life satisfaction) components of subjective well-being (SWB). They predicted that the influence of personality on life satisfaction is mediated by hedonic balance and that the relation between hedonic balance and life satisfaction is moderated by culture. As a consequence, they predicted that the influence of personality on life satisfaction is also moderated by culture. Participants from 2 individualistic cultures (United States, Germany) and 3 collectivistic cultures (Japan, Mexico, Ghana) completed measures of Extraversion, Neuroticism, hedonic balance, and life satisfaction. As predicted, Extraversion and Neuroticism influenced hedonic balance to the same degree in all cultures, and hedonic balance was a stronger predictor of life satisfaction in individualistic than in collectivistic cultures. The influence of Extraversion and Neuroticism on life satisfaction was largely mediated by hedonic balance. The results suggest that the influence of personality on the emotional component of SWB is pancultural, whereas the influence of personality on the cognitive component of SWB is moderated by culture.

van der Dennen, J. M. G. (1986). Ethnocentrism and in-group/out-groups differentiation: A review and interpretation of the literature. In V.

No abstract

This study examined students' perceptions of racial and academic climate as possible mediators of racial differences in the perception of the university's general campus climate (GCC). African American (n = 182), Latino (n = 212), Asian American (n = 358), and White (n = 671) students evaluated their perception of racial, academic, and general campus climates. As expected, racial minority students, particularly African Americans, perceived more negative general campus, racial, and academic climates than White students. Somewhat contrary to prediction, results indicated that racial differences in the perception of GCC were more closely related to perceptions of the academic than racial climate for members of all racial groups at all educational levels. Students' academic and racial experiences were the best predictors of their perception of GCC.

SummaryData were collected from managers in 24 nations/territories on work locus of control (LOC), individualism±collectivism (I±C), and well-being (job satisfaction, absence of psychological strain, and absence of physical strain). There were signi®cant mean differences across samples on all ®ve of these measures, and consistent with our hypothesis, at the ecological or sample mean level well-being was associated with an internal locus of control. However, contrary to our hypothesis, well-being was not associated with I±C, despite a strong correlation between I±C and LOC. Findings at the ecological level were consistent with the literature concerning the salutary effects of control on well-being.

The present research examined the experiences of individuals who witnessed or knew about ethnic harassment of their coworkers. Through 3 studies, we found that knowledge of other people's harassment was differentiated from personal experiences as a target and was associated with deleterious occupational, health‐related, and psychological consequences beyond those accounted for by direct harassment and affective disposition. Ethnicity and gender did not moderate these relationships. Knowledge of others' ethnic harassment can therefore be construed as bystander harassment. Results also indicated that bystander and direct harassment were relatively common occurrences. Both harassment types contributed to how ethnic conflict is experienced. The consequences of ethnic harassment are not restricted to ethnic minority employees. Rather, everyone is at risk from such behaviors.

No abstract

The authors examine how allocentrism, or the importance placed on ingroups, relates to the perceived homogeneity and entitativity (groupness) of relational (interpersonal) and collective (categorical) ingroups. In two studies (Ns = 198, 90), allocentrism is shown to be positively related to perceptions of ingroup entitativity and homogeneity. This pattern was obtained, however, only for perceptions of collective ingroups. Ethnic differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White participants' perceptions of ingroups were mediated by allocentrism (Study 1). Participants in Study 2 were members of a laboratory task group and their levels of allocentrism predicted their perceptions of the group's homogeneity and entitativityregardless of the actual homogeneity of the group. The effects of allocentrism on perceptions of ingroups are discussed in terms of self-esteem, group identification, and responses to ingroup members' deviations from norms.