Background: A clinically relevant bleeding diathesis is a frequent diagnostic

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This study employed the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine how ambivalence affects compliance of visitors to regulation concerning on-leash dog requirement in a national park setting. Pacific Rim National Park Reserve in British Columbia, Canada, has a substantial challenge with off-leash dogs, which interfere with shorebirds and contribute to habituation of wolves that come to view dogs as prey. Historically, the park has favored indirect visitor education strategies over direct enforcement. These visitor education strategies rely upon frequency and intensity of information, conservation appeal for keeping wolves unhabituated and "wild," respecting sensitive shorebird habitat, and fear, by presenting dogs as prey. However, the ineffectiveness of current strategies and ongoing visitor noncompliance with dog-leashing regulations has presented a significant challenge, highlighting the importance of theory in developing effective strategies to influence visitor behavior. Following TPB methodology, interviews were conducted with compliers (dogs on-leash) and noncompliers (dogs off-leash) from which a survey was developed. Results found a strong relationship between behavior, intentions, and the three factors that influence intentions: attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. However, relations were weaker between each of these factors and the relevant beliefs thought to be influencing each factor. The next phase of analysis examined ambivalence, which occurs when visitors hold conflicting attitudinal beliefs about a desired behavior. In this ambivalence situation, park visitors may choose not to reflect on beliefs when forming their attitudes about complying with on-leash regulations. Park regulations and communications usually target attitudinal beliefs in order to influence visitor behavior, but under conditions of ambivalence, this kind of strategy may not be effective. In an ambivalence situation, messages to achieve compliance should be directed at influencing norms and perceived control, rather than just attempting to influence attitudes. In addition to messaging, alternative strategies to influence visitor behavior may be warranted that emphasize community level outreach initiatives focused on personal contact. Patrolling and on-leash enforcement in combination with outreach may be more effective. Seasonal closures to sensitive areas during peak migration may also make enforcement a less daunting task of managing visitors in such a large area. Providing an alternative beach area or other location where dogs can run free may also make it easier for park visitors with dogs to engage in compliance behavior. Media, social media, "prompts" that remind people to "leash up," and messages delivered by a credible source also have the potential to influence on-leash behavior.

also contributed. Research assistance was provided by Can T. Demir and David Hicks. In addition, the study drew on materials that had been prepared earlier by other staff of the Exchange and Trade Relations Department, especially Hiroyuki Hino, and by staff in other departments.The present study was completed in October 1983 and reflects developments up to that time. The paper has benefited from comments by staff in other departments of the Fund and by members of the Executive Board. However, opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of other staff members or of Executive Directors.

Protected areas are important for both conserving natural resources and providing visitor experiences, but these two objectives are sometimes compromised when visitors do not comply with regulations. This issue was explored in a study in Canada's Pacific Rim National Park Reserve where non-compliance with off-leash dog regulations has led to negative impacts on wolves, shorebirds and visitor experiences. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was applied to explore factors that influence non-compliance with off-leash dog regulations. This study found moderate to strong relationships between visitor behavioural intentions towards compliance and the three concepts associated with the TPB that may shape intentions: attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Weaker relationships were found between these concepts and beliefs thought to influence each concept. The relationship between intentions to comply and actual compliance behaviour was weaker, but these predictions became stronger when past behaviour regarding leashing dogs in the park (habit) was considered. This paper discusses how habitual off-leash dog walking affects TPB's ability to predict future behaviour of dog walkers, and how management strategies aimed at providing persuasive arguments for dog leashing are not likely to be as successful, unless combined with other approaches outlined in the paper.

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A recent hospital outbreak related to premoistened gloves used to wash patients exposed the difficulties of defining Burkholderia species in clinical settings. The outbreak strain displayed key B. stabilis phenotypes, including the inability to grow at 42°C; we used whole-genome sequencing to confirm the pathogen was B. stabilis. The outbreak strain genome comprises 3 chromosomes and a plasmid, sharing an average nucleotide identity of 98.4% with B. stabilis ATCC27515 BAA-67, but with 13% novel coding sequences. The genome lacks identifiable virulence factors and has no apparent increase in encoded antimicrobial drug resistance, few insertion sequences, and few pseudogenes, suggesting this outbreak was an opportunistic infection by an environmental strain not adapted to human pathogenicity. The diversity among outbreak isolates (22 from patients and 16 from washing gloves) is only 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, although the genome remains plastic, with large elements stochastically lost from outbreak isolates. B urkholderia is a diverse genus of gram-negative bacteria, with isolates identified from a variety of environments, and ever more species being identified and classified. Whereas some Burkholderia species are associated with bioremediation potential and antimicrobial and antifungal production, others are animal and human pathogens that generally fall within the B. cepacia complex (Bcc) (1). Burkholderia bacteria have large, flexible, multi-replicon genomes, a large metabolic repertoire, various virulence factors, and inherent resistance to many antimicrobial drugs (2,3). An outbreak of B. stabilis was identified among hospitalized patients across several cantons in Switzerland during 2015-2016 (4). The bacterium caused bloodstream infections, noninvasive infections, and wound contaminations. The source of the infection was traced to contaminated commercially available, premoistened washing gloves used for bedridden patients. After hospitals discontinued use of these gloves, the outbreak resolved. Many instances of Bcc strain contamination of medical devices and solutions have been described (4), including an outbreak in Korea associated with a 0.5% chlorhexidine solution (5). B. stabilis also has been identified in nosocomial infections (6-8). We conducted in-depth characterization of the B. stabilis strain from the Switzerland outbreak by using clinical methods and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). We generated a complete draft genome by combining short-and long-read genomic data and compared it to other outbreak isolates to provide a complete genomic assessment of this strain. We provide a thorough comparative genomic analysis of this outbreak strain. Methods Bacterial Isolate Collection Isolates were collected from 22 patients (labeled 1-22) and 16 contaminated washing gloves (labeled A-P) across Switzerland during the outbreak (4). For comparison, we

Historically, countries with currency board arrangements (CB As) have experienced lower inflation and higher growth than those with other regimes. The experiences of three candidates for EU membership with CB As (Estonia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria) have also been generally favorable. Can CBAs serve these transition countries well all the way up to the adoption of the euro? After considering the pros and cons, this paper provides an affirmative answer, but notes that to preserve the viability of their CBAs throughout the process, these countries need to maintain strict policy discipline and be prepared to deal with large capital inflows and asymmetric shocks.