The aim was to evaluate the effect of different doses of two biostimulants on the productivity and canopy structure of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu grass in the establishment fase. The study was conducted in Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. One module of 35 plots of 25m² were established. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with seven treatments and five replicates. The treatments included a control, 0.5, 1, and 2kg/ha of biostimulant A (BIOST.A); and 0.25, 0.5, and 1L/ha of biostimulant B (BIOST.B). Three collections were performed. The data for application of the two biostimulants were analyzed separately, using the Dummy variable method and regression analysis. The application of 2kg/ha BIOST.A resulted in increases of 842kg/ha in the forage mass. The application of BIOST.B on Marandu grass resulted in a linear increase in stem mass. The application of 2kg/ha BIOST.A in the establishment of Marandu grass result in higher growth rates, forage accumulation, and stem proportion in the canopy.

RESUMOAs áreas destinadas à pecuária têm-se expandido sobre áreas de vegetação nativa promovendo transformações na qualidade do solo. O objetivo foi avaliar os atributos de um Neossolo Quartzarênico sob diferentes coberturas vegetais para saber se a degradação do pasto representa a degradação do solo. As áreas avaliadas foram: floresta nativa; capoeira; pastagem sem controle de lotação animal; pastagem em pousio; pastagem com invasoras; pastagem degradada com solo descoberto e invasoras, pastagem degradada com invasoras e espécies arbóreas e pastagem com baixa produção de forragem. Todas as pastagens eram formadas pela gramínea Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Realizaram-se 128 amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-10 cm, dentro de cada área de manejo considerada como parcela experimental e a cobertura do solo foi quantificada. Foram mensuradas propriedades químicas e físicas do solo. Os dados foram submetidos a estudo geoestatístico. Foram constatados aumento na resistência mecânica à penetração e diminuição nos teores de matéria orgânica nas áreas mais degradadas. Pasto degradado não representa necessariamente solo degradado enquanto solo degradado está relacionado a pastagem degrada.Palavras-chave: degradação ambiental, geoestatística, interface solo-planta, manejo de pastagem Spatial analysis of soil attributes and cover vegetation under different grazing conditions ABSTRACT The areas for livestock raising have expanded into areas of native vegetation, promoting changes in soil quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the attributes of a Entisol under different vegetation covers to whether the pasture degradation represents soil degradation. The areas evaluated were: native forest, shrub, uncontrolled grazing animal stocking, grazing in fallow pasture with weeds; degraded pasture with bare soil and weeds, degraded pasture with weeds and tree species and grassland with low forage production. All pastures were formed by Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Hundred and twenty eight soil samples were collected in 0-5 and 5-10 cm, within each management area, considered as an experimental plot and soil cover was quantified. The chemical and physical properties of the soil were measured. Data were subjected to geoestatistical study. Increase in penetration resistance and decrease in the levels of organic matter were observed in the most degraded areas. Degraded pasture is not necessarily degraded land while degraded soil is related to grazing degrades.

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Caracterização de pastagens de capins tanzânia e mombaça consorciados com estilosantes em ecótono de transição Cerrado: Floresta Amazônica RESUMOO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho dos capins tanzânia e mombaça consorciados com os estilosantes Campo Grande e Mineirão, e a proporção de leguminosas presentes no sistema ao longo do tempo. Foram avaliados oito tratamentos: 1: Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça; 2: Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia; 3: Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão; 4: Stylosanthes macrocephala + capitata cv. Campo Grande; 5: Mombaça + Mineirão; 6: Mombaça + cv. Campo Grande; 7: Tanzânia + cv. Mineirão e 8: Tanzânia + cv. Campo Grande, estudados em 4 ciclos e duas épocas do ano. Foram mensurados a altura, a relação folha/colmo e o número de perfilhos das gramíneas, a taxa de crescimento das culturas e a porcentagem de leguminosa presente no sistema. Não foi observada nenhuma influência das leguminosas sob as características das gramíneas. As leguminosas diminuíram na composição botânica da pastagem ao longo do ano. O desempenho das gramíneas foi afetado pela época do ano e a estrutura da planta pelo manejo da altura de resíduo imposta. A consorciação dos capins Tanzânia e Mombaça com os estilosantes Campo Grande e Mineirão, sob sistema intensivo de produção, não foi sustentável. Palavras-chave:Estilosantes; Panicum maximum; produtividade. Characterization of Tanzania grass and Mombaça grass pasture intercropped with stylosanthes in a transiction ecotine Cerrado: Amazonian forest ABSTRACTThe objective of this work was to evaluate the performances of Tanzania and Mombaça grasses intercropped with stylosanthes Campo Grande and Mineirão, and the proportion of legumes in the system over time. Eight treatments were evaluated: 1: Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, 2: Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, 3: Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão, 4: Stylosanthes macrocephala + capitata cv. Campo Grande, 5: Mombaça + Mineirão, 6: Mombaça + cv. Campo Grande, 7: Tanzania + cv. Mineirão, 8: Tanzania + cv. Campo Grande, studied in 4 cycles at two times of the year. The heights, the leaf/stems relation and the number of tiller of the grasses, cultures growth rate and the percentage of present legumes in the system were measured. No influence of the legumes under the characteristics of grass was observed. The legumes diminished the botanical composition of the pasture throughout the year. The performance of the grasses was affected by the time of the year and the structure of the plant for the management of the imposed residue height. The intercrop of Tanzania and Mombaça grasses with the stylosanthes Campo Grande and Mineirão, under intensive production system, was not sustainable.

The chemical or organic fertilizer can be responsible for the sustainability of pastures, with an alternative of application for the agro-industry subproducts. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of dairy waste application on Mombaça grass agronomic characteristics to verify the potential supply of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Six doses of liquid dairy waste corresponding to 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 m³ ha-¹ were evaluated in four production cycles. The accumulation of dry forage, leaf blade, stem, dead material, leaf area index, number of tillers, leaf/stem and plant height were evaluated. Increasing levels resulted in the increase of the grass performance. The application of 400 m³ ha-¹ of liquid dairy waste ensures similar productions when compared to the application of P and K through chemical fertilizers, replacing 25% of the phosphorus and 100% of potassium fertilization. The liquid dairy waste can be used as a potassium supplier to Mombaça grass and have a positive residual effect on biomass accumulation.

ResumoA aplicação de resíduo líquido de laticínio (RLL) no solo sob pastagens pode fornecer nutrientes a cultura e diminuir a poluição gerada por laticínios via ciclagem de nutrientes entre o campo e o meio urbano. Com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de doses resíduo líquido de laticínio (10, 50, 100, 150, 200 AbstractThe application of waste liquid from the processing of milk products (RLL) in pastures might provide nutrients to the crops and also contribute to reduce of the pollution generated by industrialization processes of milk, by recycling of nutrients between the countryside and urban environment. With the objective to evaluate the use of RLL rates of 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 m³ ha -1 considering nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) chemical characteristics of Guinea grass cultivar Mombasa and the entisol fertility a study in four cycles of production was carried out. It was observed that the RLL led to increased the rude protein, P and the tissue K + contents. The soil levels of P, K + , Ca 2+, Na + and MO were increased, changing positively its chemical fertility. The RLL can substitute partially the phosphorus fertilization, as well as the whole potassium fertilization.

Various types of industrial wastes have been tested as a source of pasture fertilization. However, little is known about the sludge of the gelatine industry. This study aimed at testing gelatine sludge as a soil amendment by assessing the chemical modifications caused in the soil profile. The experiment was conducted in Araguaina, Tocantins, using a typical Quartzipsamment soil (Entisols) from February to November 2013. Four doses were tested in experimental plots: 0, 50, 150 and 300 m 3 ha -1. Soil sampling was performed at four depths: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm with collection at the beginning and the end of the experimental period. Five grazing simulations of 21 days of rest of Piatã grass were testes. The gelatine sludge was able to raise the contents of calcium, phosphorus, and sum of bases only in the superficial layer (0-5 cm) and did not alter the pH, potential acidity and saturation by base, indicating that there was no use restriction due to salinization or acidification. Therefore, it was concluded that the maximum tested dose (300 m 3 ha -1) improved the chemical characteristics of the soil, especially in the 0-5-cm layer.

RESUMO:O objetivo foi avaliar a produção de forragem, o crescimento e o desenvolvimento, bem como as características estruturais, do capim-mombaça submetido a doses de resíduo líquido de laticínio (resíduos do leite, de seus derivados e produtos de limpeza de laticínios) e, a partir dessa avaliação, gerar informações sobre a possibilidade de uso desse resíduo como fertilizante. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda da Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Araguaína-TO, com a aplicação do resíduo a plantas cultivadas em vasos em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo avaliado quatro níveis de resíduo líquido de laticínio (170, 350, 530, 710 mL/vaso) e uma condição controle, sem aplicação de resíduo, com cinco repetições. As variáveis 'respostas relacionadas com a caracterização morfogênica' foram estudadas por meio de cinco perfilhos marcados em cada unidade experimental (vaso), sendo avaliados: taxa de aparecimento, taxa de alongamento foliar, taxa de alongamento de colmos, taxa de senescência foliar e filocrono. As variáveis relacionadas com a caracterização agronômica foram: a massa seca total e dos componentes lâmina foliar, colmo e material morto; as relacionadas com a estrutura foram: altura dos perfilhos, número de perfilhos, índice de área foliar e comprimento final das folhas. Com exceção do número de perfilhos, todas as variáveis testadas responderam quadraticamente à aplicação do resíduo líquido de laticínios. O resíduo de laticínio não promove efeitos nocivos à planta forrageira quando administrado em doses inferiores a 325,3 mL/vaso, nas quais se encontram as melhores respostas produtivas. O resíduo pode ser uma alternativa para o fornecimento de fósforo e, principalmente, de potássio. Ao promover melhoria do crescimento e, concomitantemente, da produção do capim-mombaça, vislumbra-se o potencial de uso na adubação de pastagens, na medida em que proporciona destinação correta das águas residuais oriundas do processamento e da industrialização de produtos lácteos. ABSTRACT:The aim of this study was to evaluate forage production, growth, development and structural characteristics of mombasa grass subjected to doses of dairy liquid residue (waste milk, its byproducts and cleaning products) and thereby generate information about the possibility of using this waste as fertilizer. The experiment was carried out at the farm campus of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny -Federal University of Tocantins, in Araguaina, State of Tocantins. Dairy waste was applied in plants grown in pots in a greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized and four levels of dairy liquid waste (170, 350, 530, 710 mL/pot) were analyzed, as well as a control condition without the application of waste. The analysis was performed in five replications. The outcome variables related to the morphogenetic characterization were studied in five tillers, recorded in each experimental unit (pot). Appearance rate, leaf elon...