Efficient beneficiation of microcrystalline graphite remains a challenge. Selective recovery of microcrystalline graphite from quartz using hydrophobized magnetite as magnetic seed is studied in this work. Magnetite was hydrophobized by the surface coating of sodium oleate. The hydrophobic agglomerates were then separated by magnetic separation. Sedimentation experiments were performed to study the adhesion of microcrystalline graphite and quartz to magnetite particles. The results showed that hydrophobized magnetite led to a higher microcrystalline graphite recovery than that of the original magnetite, due to the higher probability to bond with microcrystalline graphite. However, the hydrophobization of the magnetite surface had an insignificant effect on its interaction with quartz. The force analysis based on the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (EDLVO) theory indicated that the total attractive interaction between hydrophobized magnetite and microcrystalline graphite were obviously stronger than that between hydrophobized magnetite and quartz, resulting in the selective aggregation between hydrophobized magnetite and microcrystalline graphite.
<sec>The vacancy can be produced through impact ionization of target atom by energetic particles. It is of significant importance to study the vacancy state by the measurement of angular distribution of typical X-rays. At present, accurate ionization cross-section data of the atomic inner shell are urgently required in many areas. However, the precise measurement of ionization cross-section of the atomic inner shell is largely dependent on the fact that whether the characteristic radiation (e.g., X-ray) is isotropic. </sec><sec>In this experiment, the characteristic L<sub><i>ι</i></sub>, L<sub><i>α</i></sub>, L<sub><i>β</i></sub> and L<sub><i>γ</i>1</sub> X-rays for Au target are measured by a silicon drift detector in an emission angle range from 130° to 170° in steps of 10°. A mini-X ray source is utilized to produce bremsstrahlung with the center energy of 13.1 keV.</sec><sec>Considering detection efficiency of the detector and the absorption of the target, relative intensity ratios, <i>I</i>(L<i><sub>α</sub></i>)/<i>I</i>(L<sub><i>γ</i>1</sub>) and <i>I</i>(L<i><sub>ι</sub></i>)/<i>I</i>(L<sub><i>γ</i>1</sub>), are obtained at different detection angles based on the experimental energy spectrum results. Moreover, the angular dependence of X-ray intensity ratio is investigated and it is found that the X-rays L<sub><i>ι</i></sub> and L<sub><i>α</i></sub> exhibit anisotropic emission.</sec><sec>According to the X-ray intensity ratio <i>I</i>(L<i><sub>ι</sub></i>)/<i>I</i>(L<sub><i>γ</i>1</sub>) and the <i>P</i><sub>2</sub>(cos<i>θ</i>), and using the least square method, the anisotropic parameter <i>β</i> of characteristic X-ray L<sub><i>ι</i></sub> is derived to be 0.25. Due to the relation <i>β</i> = <i>ακA</i><sub>20</sub>, the value of the alignment degree <i>A</i><sub>20</sub> for L<sub>3</sub> sub-shell is determined to be 0.577 ± 0.08. Alignment degree <i>A</i><sub>20</sub> for L<sub>3</sub> sub-shell is dependent on its intrinsic physical properties, while the anisotropy parameter <i>β</i> of typical X-rays can be affected by Coster-Kronig transition process.</sec><sec>The behavior of the alignment for inner-shell vacancy states calls for more research results both in theory and in experiment. Therefore, it is quite relevant and meaningful to perform more experiments to further study the angular distribution of vacancy states by electrons, photons and ions impacting a target.</sec>
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