Background
In several years ago, infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs), have been prevalent in the worlds especially HPV type 18, can lead to cervical cancer. Therefore, rapid, accurate, and early diagnosis of HPV for successful treatment is essential. The present study describes the development of a selective and sensitive electrochemical biosensor base on DNA, for early detection of HPV-18. For this purpose, a nanocomposite of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were electrodeposited on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Then, Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) were dropped on a modified SPCE. Subsequently, single strand DNA (ssDNA) probe was immobilized on the modified electrode. The link attached between AuNPs and probe ssDNA provided by l-cysteine via functionalizing AuNPs (Cys-AuNPs). The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) assay was also used to electrochemical measurement. The measurement was based on the oxidation signals of anthraquninone-2-sulfonic acid monohydrate sodium salt (AQMS) before and after hybridization between the probe and target DNA.
Results
The calibration curve showed a linear range between 0.01 fM to 0.01 nM with a limit of detection 0.05 fM. The results showed that the optimum concentration for DNA probe was 5 µM. The good performance of the proposed biosensor was achieved through hybridization of DNA probe-modified SPCE with extracted DNA from clinical samples.
Conclusions
According to the investigated results, this biosensor can be introduced as a proprietary, accurate, sensitive, and rapid diagnostic method of HPV 18 in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of real samples.
In the last decade, the use of carbon nanotubes and graphenes has been on the rise for various nanobiotechnological applications. Owing to their special characteristics, these two nanostructures of carbon allotropes have been studied for their capacity in the detection and treatment of many diseases. On the other hand, curcumin, a well-known antioxidant and anticancer natural product, is being extensively studied for numerous medicinal applications. Interestingly, many reports have shown great potentials of conjugates of curcumin and carbon nanotubes or graphenes. These conjugates, when properly designed and functionalized with biomolecules, could represent the valuable properties of each component alone while they could be effective in overcoming the poor solubility issues of both curcumin and carbon nanomaterials (CNMs). In this case, curcumin conjugates with CNMs seem to be very promising in biosensing applications and the detection of many biomolecules, especially, curcumin has been reported to be very effective with these conjugates. Also the delivery of curcumin using functionalized SWCNTs was evaluated for its ability to load and release curcumin, to protect curcumin from degradation and to enhance its solubility. It is proposed that other properties of these conjugates are still to be discovered and the interdisciplinary approaches among biology, medicine, chemistry, and material engineering will accelerate the applications of these novel materials. This review aims to summarize the findings on the applications of CNM conjugates of curcumin.
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