The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in several patients who traveled to Wuhan or went to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan. The phylogenetic tree showed that SARS-CoV-2 was 96.2% identical to bat β-coronaviruses from lineage B. Also, several studies reported that SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, for entry to target cells. Lung alveolar and small intestine are potential targets for SARS-CoV-2 due to the high expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. In this review, we focused on the zoonotic β-coronaviruses and given there is no specific drug or vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019, we reviewed the literature on the therapy options for SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, in order to discover their possible use in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Nowadays, the SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is recognized as the primary cause of mortality in humans. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through human-to-human contact and is asymptomatic in most patients. In addition to approved vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection, miRNAs may also be promising options against this new virus. miRNAs are small and noncoding RNAs 18–25 nucleotides in length that target the mRNAs to degrade them or obstruct their translation miRNAs act as an observer in cells. This study reviewed the literature on the potential role of cellular miRNAs in the SARS-CoV-2-host interplay as a therapeutic option in COVID-19 patients.

Human papillomavirus type (HPV) is a common cause of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in humans. HPV types 16 and 18 as the highest risk types are related with gynecologic malignancy and cervical cancer (CC) among women worldwide. Recently, considerable development of genosensors, which allows dynamic monitoring of hybridization events for HPV‐16 and 18, has been a topic of focus by many researchers. In this systematic review, we highlight the route of development of DNA‐based genosensory detection methods for diagnosis of high risk of HPV precancer. Biosensor detection methods of HPV‐16 and 18 was investigated from 1994 to 2018 using several databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google Scholar, SID, and Scientific Information Database. Manual search of references of retrieved articles were also performed. A total of 50 studies were reviewed. By analyzing the most recent developed electrochemical biosensors for the identification of HPV, we observed that the sensor platform fabricated by Wang et al. holds the lowest detection limit reported in the literature for the DNA of HPV‐16. Up to this date, optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric systems are the main transducers used in the development of biosensors. Among the most sensitive techniques available to study the biorecognition activity of the sensors, we highlight the biosensors based fluorescent, EIS, and QCM. The current systematic review focuses on the sensory diagnostic methods that are being used to detect HPV‐16 and 18 worldwide. Special emphasis is given on the sensory techniques that can diagnosis the individuals with CC. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):101–117, 2019

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According to the evidence, the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by a zoonotic pathogen named respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus can spread through personal contact, respiratory droplets, and also through airborne transmission. A rapid, low-cost, and effective biosensor platform is essential to diagnose patients with COVID-19 infection, predominantly the asymptomatic individuals, and prevent the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 via transmission routes. The objective of this review is to provide a comparative view among current diagnostic methods, focusing on recently suggested biosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV2 in clinical samples. A capable SARS-CoV-2 biosensor can be designed by the holistic insights of various biosensor studies.