Resumo -Para as cultivares de hábito indeterminado, não há relatos do momento mais adequado para realizar a aplicação da dessecação em pré-colheita. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da dessecação realizada em três épocas sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes e características agronômicas da cultivar de hábito indeterminado SYN-9074 RR, cultivada em três áreas simultaneamente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo realizada análise conjunta para três áreas distintas. Os tratamentos referem-se a diferentes épocas de aplicação de diquat (0,3 kg ha -1 ), ou seja, em plantas de soja nos estádios de maturação R6.5 (sementes totalmente formadas, vagens 50% amareladas e 50% verdes), R7 (vagens 70% amareladas, com uma vagem totalmente madura na haste principal), R7.5 (vagens 90% amareladas) e testemunha sem aplicação. Realizaram-se testes de germinação, massa seca da parte aérea e radícula, comprimento da parte aérea e radícula, sanidade e massa de 1000 sementes e produtividade de grãos. O estádio mais adequado para realizar a dessecação em pré-colheita da cultivar de soja de hábito indeterminado SYN-9074 RR foi com plantas apresentando 90% de amarelecimento das vagens, ou estádio de maturação R7.5, o qual proporcionou maior produtividade e o menor índice de incidência de fungos Phoma sp., Colletotrichum dematium var. truncata e Fusarium sp.

root-knots. The life cycle comprises the eggs, four juvenile stages and adult male or female. Eggs are enclosed in gelatinous egg sacs that are usually deposited on the surface of galled roots. The first moult occurs within the egg giving rise to the second-stage juvenile (J2), which is the infective stage. Three other moults occur within the roots allowing the nematode to go through the stages J3, J4, and adults (Karssen and Moens, 2006). The species M. enterolobii was detected for the first time in Brazil in the states of Pernambuco and Bahia, causing severe damages in guava orchards (Carneiro and Almeida, 2001). In vegetables, it was detected for the first time in the state of São Paulo, parasitizing green pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivar Silver and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars ' Andrea' and 'Debora', all known to be resistant to M. incognita and M. javanica (Carneiro et al., 2006). This ability of M. enterolobii to parasite plants resistant to other species of Meloidogyne makes it a difficult-to-control nematode (Bitencourt and Silva, 2010). This species presents a wide polyphagia and highly aggressive behavior for most vegetable species in comparison to M. incognita and M. javanica (Pinheiro and Pereira, 2012). Cultivars of tomato and pepper that have resistance to M. incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria carry the Mi gene that gives the plant a hypersensitivity reaction (HR) causing histological changes, such as cell death near the infection site (Dropkin, 1969). This usually occurs 12 hours after attempted infection. However, the resistance conferred by the Mi-1 gene is unstable and can be compromised by soil temperatures above 28°C (Dropkin, 1969). In addition, there are species and races of Meloidogyne that have the ability to break the resistance conferred by the Mi gene, which makes

Amaranth is a broad leaf pseudocereal native to South and Central America and can be used as a source of high protein grain, as a leafy vegetable and has the potential to grow as fodder. The objective of this work was to evaluate some characteristics of amaranth agronomic interest (Amaranthus spp), as the best way of propagation of the crop, whether by planting of seedlings or direct seeding, and also to determine the most suitable depth of sowing of amaranth. Three treatments were established to conduct the first experiment, seedling versus no-tillage using the BRS-Alegria variety: the first (T1) was the planting of seedlings with 15 days old, previously produced in a greenhouse, on the day of establishment of the experiment in the beds; the second (T2) was the direct sowing in the soil on the day of establishment of the experiment in the beds; and the third (T3) was the transplanting of surplus seedlings from the first treatment, after two weeks of establishment of the experiment in the beds. The T1 treatment was the one that presented the best performance in the attributes of lap diameter and dry mass of plants, being not different, only, at plant height, in relation to T2 treatment. The treatments T2 and T3 presented the same performance for all attributes studied. The second experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the best sowing depth for the Amaranthus varieties: BRS-Alegria, Diócus, Princes, Verde (Amaranthus cruentus) and Inca (Amaranthus caudatus), under zero millimeters soil), five millimeters, and ten millimeters deep. The BRS - Alegria, Verde and Diócus varieties showed the best results when tested at 0, 5 and 10mm depth, with the average of plants emerged at 15 days after sowing, of 71.4; 65.9 and 61.0 respectively. The worst results were found in the Princes and Inca varieties, with average values of emerged plants of 51.3 and 47.2, respectively. As for the seeding depths, the best were 10 and 5 mm, with plants emerged after 15 days, of 86.9 and 77.9, respectively. The worst result was for the 0mm depth with an average of 13.3 emerged plants.

Estimates for the 2018/2019 grain crop indicate production in the order of 238.5 million tons, an increase of 4.7% compared to the 2017/2018 harvest. This production, although satisfactory, could still be greater, were it not for the problems faced with the logistics of grain disposal where billions are lost due to the limited investment in infrastructure. The objective of this work is to establish a percentage loss index, as well as to assess these quantitative losses during bulk grain transportation of corn. The research was developed through a partnership between the National Supply Company (CONAB) and the NTA (Nucleus of Storage Technology), at the Federal University of Mato Grosso. It was established the evaluation of losses related to grain transportation in the main waterways, being bulk corn in BR 163/364 in the State of Mato Grosso. After the choice of the highways evaluated, we carried out research on the data of romaneios in the transportation of corn in bulk. The obtained data, through the romaneios, provided weight of origin, weight of destination, place of origin and place of destination, in this way, by difference was obtained the quantity of grains lost in the transport and the mileage traveled in each route. By means of these data it was possible to obtain three indices of losses, one in Kg/Km (kilogram per kilometer wheeled), another one in Kg/t (kilograms per tons transported), and also determined an index of loss in percentage of grains transported. With the indication of the indices it was possible to evaluate the losses. The Bitrem truck (7 axles) was used as the basis for calculating the losses, since during the interviews this was the type that had the most occurrences in BRs evaluated, with 39%. Based on the questionnaire, the load weight of 38,000 kg was therefore adopted. For the study of corn grain losses in road transport, 39,642 data were analyzed for routs, with 24,902,808.50 km rotated, mean of 628,19 km away by route. The amount of corn grain transported was 1,852,437,042 kg. The total losses were 1,808,951 kg, averaging 45.63 kg of loss per trip. The loss per km was on average of 0.072 kg. Transport of corn grains between Nova Ubiratã and Rondonópolis presented the highest frequency of trips (8629 trips), however the losses were 37,710 kg of grains or approximately 628 bags of corn (60 Kg). The index of percentage loss for maize (0.1025%). This percentage is lower than the adopted one that is of 0.25%, nevertheless, represent considerable losses for the economy. Based on the data obtained in the present study, it can be stated that it is possible to adopt percentage loss rates of less than 0.25% in contracts. It is recommended to adopt the percentage rates of grain loss in road transport of 0.10% for maize.

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of the sowing speed on the regularity of longitudinal distribution of maize seeds through a pneumatic metering seeder. The experimentation of 4 sowing speeds (4, 6, 8 and 10 km h-1) was performed in randomized blocks design with four replicates. The parameters evaluated were the mean distance between plants, coefficient of variation of the distance between plants, percentage of acceptable, flawed and double spacings, precision index, plant stand, initial population, mean seed deposition depth, and coefficient of variation of the seed Nadin et al.; JEAI, 37(2): 1-8, 2019; Article no.JEAI.49124 2 deposition depth. The increase in the operating speed linearly reduced the percentage of acceptable spacings, plant stand, initial population, and mean seed deposition depth. Conversely, it linearly increased the values of mean distance between plants, coefficient of variation of the distance between plants, percentage of double and flawed spacings, precision index, and coefficient of variation of the deposition depth. Therefore, the increase in the displacement speed of the tractor-seeder set reduced the regularity of the longitudinal distribution of the plants, as well as the sowing quality. Original Research Article

Soil turning during pre-seeding preparation is meant to loosen and promote physical characteristics responsible for the development of crop roots in soil. In this study, we demonstrate effects of three methods of pre-seeding preparation at two depths of irrigation on carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux as well as the temporal variability in the distribution of soil carbon. This experiment was conducted at the rural cooperative extension research station in Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil, for two wheat production years in 2011 and 2012. The experimental design was randomized in strips, with four repetitions. Wheat was irrigated during the June to early October dry season. The treatments include two methods of soil preparation: traditional preparation with one plowing and two disc harrowings and minimal preparation with one seed bed conditioner pass. A third treatment of direct seeding was also evaluated. Soil CO2 efflux, soil temperature, air-filled soil porosity, and labile carbon were measured. We found soil preparation affects CO2 efflux in irrigated cultivation systems within Brazil’s Cerrado savannah, with conventional tillage having greater CO2 emissions than either reduced tillage or direct seeding. Soil CO2 emissions were lower at 508 mm versus 698 mm irrigation depth, but wheat yields were significantly lower.

The depth of seeding and the availability of water influence the seed germination process. Amaranth has small seeds from 1.0 to 1.5 mm and limited nutrient reserves and, after emergence, slow growth. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the emergence and formation of amaranth seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a vegetation house at the Federal University of Mato Grosso - Brazil, between October and November 2018. The factor "A" refers to two seeding depths (10 and 20 mm) and the factor "B" to four of water availability (100%, 80%, 60% and 40% of retention capacity). The emergency, first count and emergency speed index were evaluated. Height, diameter, root length, number of leaves, mass of fresh and dry matter were also evaluated. The emergence of the seedlings, independently of the seeding depth, was greater in water availability of 100 and 80%. There was interaction of factors for the first count and emergency velocity index. The first emergency count was higher in water availability of 100%. At a seeding depth of 10 mm, the first count of emerging seedlings was similar in water availability of 100, 80 and 40%. While, at a depth of 20 mm, the first count was higher at water availability of 60%. The emergency speed index was higher for 100% water availability at 10 mm seeding depth, while at 20 mm depth the water availability had no effect on the emergency speed index. The water availability of 60 and 40% of the retention capacity reduces the height of the plant, the diameter of the stem, the length of the root, the number of leaves, the mass of fresh and dry matter. Increased seeding depth reduces height, number of leaves and production of fresh and dry amaranth matter.

Agricultura-Economia-Brasil. 2. Agronomia-Pesquisa-Brasil. I. Pereira, Alexandre Igor de Azevedo. II. Série. CDD 630.981 Elaborado por Maurício Amormino Júnior-CRB6/2422 O conteúdo dos artigos e seus dados em sua forma, correção e confiabilidade são de responsabilidade exclusiva dos autores. 2019 Permitido o download da obra e o compartilhamento desde que sejam atribuídos créditos aos autores, mas sem a possibilidade de alterá-la de nenhuma forma ou utilizá-la para fins comerciais.