The cultivation of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp] can be an important alternative in succession to maize in areas of degraded pastures due to the use of residue from fertilizers . With this, we aimed to evaluate the productivity of cowpea as a successor culture to undergo corn doses of reactive natural phosphate Arad and combinations with NPK. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a split plot with four replications. The fertilizer was applied in previous cultivation (crop) using four phosphate doses in the form of Arad natural phosphate: 50, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and the sub-plots in combination with NPK, NK, NK + liming, and control (no liming and fertilizer). The cowpea yield components were evaluated in this work. The residues of P2O5 from the natural phosphate increased the phosphorus content in the plant and influenced the number of grains per pod. The residual effect of NK+ liming and only NK showed better results for the variables grain yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and dry mass of aerial part. The residual effect of NPK showed better results for the mass of 100 grains.
RESUMO -O pulgão, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), é uma das principais pragas da cultura da couve. A necessidade de controle de insetos-pragas de forma racional e sustentável tem gerado a busca de medidas efetivas de controle. Objetivou-se estudar a capacidade predatória e a resposta funcional da fase jovem de Ceraeochrysa caligata (Banks) alimentada com o pulgão Brevicoryne Brassicae (L.), usando ninfas de segundo e terceiro instares. Foram utilizadas cinco densidades de presas, com cinco repetições com dois indivíduos por repetição. O Consumo aumentou proporcionalmente em função do estádio de desenvolvimento da larva, sendo significativamente maior no terceiro instar, representando acima de 75% do total. Os consumos médios diário e totais foram de 4,2 e 25,6; 10,2 e 70,2; 38,6 e 549,0 pulgões, para os três instares, respectivamente. Observou para a fase larval 23,4 e 644,8 pulgões. Constatou se duração média de 5,8; 6,7; 13,5 e de 26,0 dias para o primeiro, segundo e terceiro instares e fase larval, respectivamente. Observou se para os três instares e fase larval, um maior consumo em função do aumento da densidade de presas. A duração obtida para o primeiro e terceiro instares e fase larval, um maior consumo em função do aumento da disponibilidade de presas. Palavras-chave: Insecta. Predação. Resposta funcional. Pulgão da couve.ABSTRACT -The aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), is a major pest of cabbage culture. The need for insect pest control in a rational and sustainable manner has generated the search for effective control measures. The objective was to study the predatory capacity and the functional response of the young phase Ceraeochrysa caligata (Banks) fed with the aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), using nymphs of second and third instars. Five prey densities were used, with five replicates with two individuals per replicate. Consumption increased in proportion to the larval stage of development and was significantly higher in the third instar, representing over 75% of the total. The daily and total average intake were 4.2 and 25.6; 10.2 and 70.2; Aphids 549.0 and 38.6 for the three instars, respectively. Observed for the larval stage 23.4 and 644.8 aphids. Found a mean duration of 5.8; 6.7; 13.5 and 26.0 days for the first, second and third instar and larval stage, respectively. Observed to the three instars and larval stage, a higher consumption due to the increase in prey density. The duration obtained for the first and third instar larval stage and a higher consumption due to the increased availability of prey.
The knowledge of the quantity and composition of the deposited biomass is useful to plan the nutrient management of cultivations in agroforestry systems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of biomass and litter in two agroforestry systems with organic and conventional cultivations of sour orange. The areas use models of orange production by monoculture and under agroforestry systems: the first agroforestry system is composed of rows of brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla K.) accompanied by double rows of orange trees (Citrus aurantium L.); the second system is composed of rows of ingá (Ingá edulis Mart.) accompanied by double rows of orange trees. A completely randomized design was used in a 10x2 factorial scheme, with 4 replications. The locations within the management systems were organized as follows: agroforestry system composed of mahogany trees; Ingá trees agroforestry system; conventional sour orange monoculture system. The areas that the biomass and litter were collected in the locations in the systems were: between plants in the row for cultivation of forest species that make up the system; between rows of the forest species row and orange cultivation row; between plants in the orange cultivation row; between rows of the double row of orange cultivation. Two periods were analyzed in the experiment: the months of lowest and highest rainfall. Agroforestry systems promoted greater biomass and litter to the soil compared to monoculture. In this way, they were configured as a beneficial practice for the soil in sour orange crops in the Brazilian Amazon.
O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as espécies botânicas espontâneas existentes em dois sistemas agroflorestais com cultivo orgânico de Citrus. Para identificação da composição vegetal da área, foram avaliados os indivíduos presentes no extrato rasteiro de dois sistemas agroflorestais e sistema convencional, com cultivo orgânico de laranja. Foram coletadas amostras de vegetação no extrato inferior, sendo considerandos os indivíduos com altura (< 10 cm) o gabarito utilizado para inventariar as espécies foi de 3 m2, lançados ao acaso cinco vezes em cada tratamento. A partir dos dados obtidos foram calculados os parâmetros fitossociológicos densidade, abundância, frequência, densidade relativa, abundância relativa e o índice de valor de importância. A Família Poaceae obteve maior valor de importância em sete dos dez tratamentos estudados. Os sistemas agroflorestais avaliados apresentaram número de famílias semelhantes e maior densidade de indivíduos nas entre linhas de cultivo.
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