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Objective We aim to explore the differential presence of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and acute stress between men and women during the COVID‐19 outbreak, and to study the relationship between these symptoms and two environmental variables, coexistence, and violence. Methods We conducted a cross‐sectional study starting on March 29 to April 5, 2020, based on a national online survey using snowball sampling techniques. Symptoms of anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Scale), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), and acute stress (Acute Stress Disorder Inventory) were assessed. Differences in the presence of symptoms and the relationship of coexistence and domestic violence were evaluated from a gender perspective. Results Men showed significant lower mean (SD) in anxiety, depression, and acute stress levels than women [HARS, 14.1 (9.8) versus. 18.4 (10.2), F = 56.2, p < .001; BDI 3.4 (3.9) versus 4.5 (4.3), F = 16.6, p < .001, and ASDI 3.6 (2.9) versus 4.7 (3.1), F = 39.0, p < .001, respectively), as well as a weaker depressive syndrome (28.1% males versus 39.9% females, χ2 = 25.5, p < .001). In addition, an interaction Gender × Coexistence was found in anxiety (F = 56.2, p < .001) and acute stress (F = 3.52, p = .06) and, according to depressive symptoms, an interaction Gender × Violence was found marginally significant (F = 3.3, p = .07). Conclusions Findings indicate that women present greater severity in symptoms of anxiety, depression, and acute stress. Moreover, loneliness and violence specifically worsen the emotional state in women. These results can undoubtedly guide better healthcare planning adopting a gender perspective.

social y cultural (UAB) 2 Resumen El objetivo de este artículo consiste en identificar, definir y engranar en un modelo unificado conceptos tales como Interacción-relación, Capital social y otros Capitales; Cohesión, Vinculación e Integración sociales; Bonding, Bridging y Linking desde una perspectiva de redes sociales. Estos conceptos que tienen entidad propia han sido estudiados bien de manera independiente bien apareados. Además, relacionada con estos conceptos, existe una constelación de otros muchos como por ejemplo solidaridad, confianza, roles, valores comunes, reciprocidad, exclusión, inclusión y segregación. Estos conceptos se resitúan en el modelo conceptual propuesto.

The aim of this article is to identify and analyse the logic and structure of centrality measures applied to social networks. On the basis of the article by Borgatti and Everett, identifying the latent functions of centrality, we first use a survey of personal networks with 450 cases to perform an empirical study of the differences and correspondences between degree, closeness and betweenness centrality in personal networks. Then, we examine the correspondences between the three global indicators in each type of centrality: the maximum value, the mean value and the hierarchy or centralization. The results provide a better understanding of the centrality indicators of networks and the reality that they express in an empirical context.

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Employment segmentation and appreciation of education in an anchored production model: Comparative analysis between Spain and Argentina This article addresses two main issues through a comparative analytical exercise of Spain and Argentina. Firstly, we examine to what extent labour market segmentation processes produce similar dynamics of structuring labour inequalities in both countries and what aspects are specific to a labour reality situated in different cultural, social, economic and historical contexts. In this regard, the general hypothesis establishes that there is no single labour market that adjusts supply and demand but rather diverse segments that structure hierarchical positions in the labour market according to specific labour supply profiles, and that the configuration of the employment segments in Spain and Argentina show a high correspondence. Secondly, given the structure of employment segmentation, we consider to what extent the misnamed 'occupational overeducation' of the labour force and the supposed devaluation of educational credentials occur in both countries. Understanding that the phenomenon should be viewed from the demand side and given the anchored and internally differentiated production systems of both countries, this phenomenon, which we prefer to call 'underoccupation', is of greater importance in Spain than in Argentina given the country's educational expansion and hence the greater difficulty to absorb the qualified workforce in the most productive sectors due to the inability of the productive model to create commensurate jobs.