The available data support the evaluation of a drug combination in a larger population as a fixed-dose combination. Clinical Trials Registration. CTRI/2007/091/000031.

Four hundred and twenty-two million people have diabetes due to excess free body glucose in their body fluids. Diabetes leads to various problems including retinopathy, neuropathy, arthritis, damage blood vessels etc; it also causes a delay in wound healing. Insufficiency of insulin is the main reason for diabetes-I and systemic insulin treatment is a remedy. The perspective of the potential use of insulin/insulin based drugs to treat chronic wounds in diabetic conditions is focused on in this review. At the site of the wound, TNF-ɑ, IFN-ϒ, IL-1β and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines cause the generation of free radicals, leading to inflammation which becomes persistent in diabetes. Insulin induces expression of IL-4/IL-13, IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokines etc which further down-regulates NFkβP50/P65 assembly. Insulin shifts the equilibrium towards NFkβP50/P50 which leads to down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-10 etc through STAT6, STAT3 and c-Maf activation causing nullification of an inflammatory condition. Insulin also promotes protein and lipid biosynthesis which indeed promotes wound recovery. Here, in this article, the contributions of insulin in controlling wound tissue microenvironments and remodulation of tissue have been summarised, which may be helpful to develop novel insulin-based formulation(s) for effective treatment of wounds in diabetic conditions.

Patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Peru and South Africa were randomized to a weight-banded nominal dose of 11, 14, 17, or 20 mg/kg/day levofloxacin (minimum, 750 mg) in combination with other second-line agents. A total of 101 patients were included in noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses. Respective median areas under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC) were 109.49, 97.86, 145.33, and 207.04 μg · h/ml. Median maximum plasma concentration () were 11.90, 12.02, 14.86, and 19.17 μg/ml, respectively. Higher levofloxacin doses, up to 1,500 mg daily, resulted in higher exposures. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01918397.).

Receptor targeted ferromagnetic Insulin–Nickel Quantum fluorescence Clusters (INiQCs) can specifically detect Pb2+ and prevents Pb2+ poisoning.

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Arterolane (RBx11160, OZ277) maleate is a rapidly acting synthetic trioxolane anti-malarial. This randomized, placebo controlled study was a phase I study to evaluate the clinical safety and tolerability as well as pharmacokinetics (PKs) of arterolane maleate including food effect. Eight single rising oral doses of arterolane (25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600 mg), food effect under fed and fasting conditions at 100 mg dose and four multiple oral dose regimens (25, 50, 100, 200 mg) were administered once daily for 7 days in 64 healthy young males (Caucasian). A randomized, placebo-controlled study was also conducted in healthy elderly males and females (Caucasian) to investigate PKs, safety and tolerability of single oral dose (100 mg) of arterolane. All doses were well tolerated after oral administration. The initial peak of arterolane was apparent at 2-3 hours post-dose followed by a secondary peak at approximately 5 hours post-dose. Thereafter, plasma arterolane concentration declined with a geometric mean t1/2 of approximately 2-4 hours. The PKs of arterolane appeared to be time-invariant after repeated once-daily dosing. The incidence of adverse events was similar for placebo and active treatments. Arterolane had similar PKs and tolerability in elderly and younger subjects and between elderly males and females.

Here we show the novel anti-helminthic potential of Lansium parasiticum aqueous extract-protected silver nanoparticles (LAgNPs) against albendazole-resistant gastrointestinal parasite Haemonchus contortus. LAgNPs showed LD50 values of 65.6 ± 32.8 nM (12 h), 139.6 ± 39.9 nM (12 h), and 64.3 ± 8.5 nM (24 h) against adult male, female, and L3 larvae, respectively. LAgNPs was also quite effective in inhibiting egg hatching, with an IC50 value of 144.4 ± 3.1 nM at 48 h of exposure. Exposure to LAgNPs generated oxidative stress and mediated physical damage in the worms' tissue. A sharp increase in reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide synthase levels was prominent due to LAgNPs' exposure. In response to oxidative stress, a sharp increase of stress-responsive enzymes' activity, like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, along with the concentration of glutathione, was observed in worm tissue, which indicated a LAgNP-responsive alteration of metabolism. The results give rise to the opportunity for the development of alternative treatment for drug-resistant parasitic worms.