Biomedical Evaluation of Lansium parasiticum Extract-Protected Silver Nanoparticles Against Haemonchus contortus, a Parasitic Worm

Abstract

Here we show the novel anti-helminthic potential of Lansium parasiticum aqueous extract-protected silver nanoparticles (LAgNPs) against albendazole-resistant gastrointestinal parasite Haemonchus contortus. LAgNPs showed LD50 values of 65.6 ± 32.8 nM (12 h), 139.6 ± 39.9 nM (12 h), and 64.3 ± 8.5 nM (24 h) against adult male, female, and L3 larvae, respectively. LAgNPs was also quite effective in inhibiting egg hatching, with an IC50 value of 144.4 ± 3.1 nM at 48 h of exposure. Exposure to LAgNPs generated oxidative stress and mediated physical damage in the worms' tissue. A sharp increase in reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide synthase levels was prominent due to LAgNPs' exposure. In response to oxidative stress, a sharp increase of stress-responsive enzymes' activity, like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, along with the concentration of glutathione, was observed in worm tissue, which indicated a LAgNP-responsive alteration of metabolism. The results give rise to the opportunity for the development of alternative treatment for drug-resistant parasitic worms.

Nanoparticles as Alternatives for the Control of Haemonchus contortus: A Systematic Approach to Unveil New Anti-haemonchiasis Agents

“…The HEK293 cell viability decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The lowest concentration produced no significant toxic effects; however, with an increase in concentration, i.e., 31.7, 63.5, and 158.7 nM, the observed decrease in the viability was 77.5 ± 5.06, 71.3 ± 9.8, and 62.1 ± 9.3%, respectively ( 25 ). Oral administration of CcEOn at 450 mg/kg concentration resulted in the death of 1 sheep out of 10.…”

“…Physiologically, levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species were significantly increased, which resulted in oxidative stress and caused physical damage to tissues of the worm ( 25 ). In response to oxidative stress, a sharp increase in stress-responsive activities of enzymes, like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, along with the concentration of glutathione, was observed in worm tissue, which indicated a LAgNPs-responsive alteration of metabolism ( 25 ). Moreover, AgNPs also depleted the levels of glycogen, lipids, and protein contents of H. contortus .…”

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