India is currently trying hard to get a status of $5.0 trillion economy. Agriculture contributes $400 billion to the Indian economy, which is 2nd after China. To achieve this mammoth national target, allsectors of economy viz., agriculture, industry and service have to outperform outstanding. To achieve this target, our total export should be of $1.0 trillion annually and share of agriculture and the allied sector should be 10 %.To achieve $100 million agri-export, smart agriculture is pivotal to sustain our products at international level. Agritech startup can play a vital role in this endeavour; however, the bottleneck should be removedwithin the least possible time. If we succeed in this endeavour, this will not only lead to enhance per capita income from the current $1800 to $3600 but also double the income from farming systematically. Unfortunately, due to worldwide attack of global pandemic of Covid- 2019 disease, every sphere of life has been severely paralysed. Agriculture sector was less affected as the food grain output was recorded highest ever (295.67MT) and sector growth 3.7 % in absolute term and 11.3% on the current price, during 2019-20. India will get rid off of such disasters relativelyfaster as compared to other nations, but this has the potential to push forward our economic dream to beam reality atleast for a year or so.Probably India would be able to achieve the tag of $5.0 trillion economy not sooner than 2026-27.
The irregularity in monsoon has severely affected the water availability at surface and sub-surface systems. Diminishing surface and sub-surface availability has not only decreased the water availability, but it additionally affected the ecosystem and increased disastrous situations like floods and droughts, resulting problems of stress on groundwater recharge. Groundwater recharge is a technique by which infiltrated water passes through the unsaturated region of groundwater and joins the water table. It is based upon soil type, land use land cover, geomorphology, geophysical and climate (viz. rainfall, temperature, humidity etc.) characteristics of a region. Over the years, due to variations in weather pattern and overexploitation of aquifers groundwater recharge has decreased and groundwater level has reduced in the most parts of the country. This has led to severe water deficit problems in several parts of the country. This can be solved by different direct and indirect methods of groundwater recharge technology. This technology can reduce the wastage of water and enhance groundwater availability for uses in different sector like irrigation, domestic and industrial uses.
Lysimetric and eddy covariance techniques are commonly used to directly estimate actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa). However, these technologies are costly, laborious, and require skills which make in situ ET estimation difficult, particularly in developing countries. With this in mind, an attempt was made to determine ETa and stagewise crop coefficient (Kc) values of transplanted puddled rice using a modified non-weighing paddy lysimeter. The results were compared to indirect methods, viz., FAO Penman–Monteith and pan evaporation. Daily ETa ranged from 1.9 to 8.2 mmday−1, with a mean of 4.02 ± 1.35 mmday−1, and their comparison showed that the FAO Penman–Monteith equation performed well for the coefficient of determination (R2 of 0.63), root mean squared error (RMSE = 0.80), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE = 13.6 %), and was highly correlated with ETa throughout the crop season. However, the pan evaporation approach was underestimated (R2 of 0.24; RMSE = 0.98; MAPE = 22.13%) due to a consistent pan coefficient value (0.71), vegetation role and measurement errors. In addition, actual Kc values were obtained as 1.13 ± 0.13, 1.27 ± 0.2, 1.23 ± 0.16, and 0.93 ± 0.18 for the initial, crop development, mid-season, and end-season stages, respectively. These estimated crop coefficient values were higher than FAO Kc values. Statistical analysis results revealed that the overall stagewise-derived average Kc values were in line with FAO values, but different from the derived pan Kc values, although found insignificant at a 5% significance level. In addition, water productivity and agro-meteorological indices were derived to evaluate the cultivar performance in this experiment. Therefore, such a methodology may be used in the absence of weighing lysimeter-derived Kc values. The derived regional Kc values can be applied to improve irrigation scheduling under similar agro-climatic conditions.
The irrigation water-pricing (IWP) system may prove to be an effective tool for meeting the increased demand for water. It includes the totality of costs that water users incur for irrigation purposes, based on principal, i.e., fixed, volumetric and crop-based. Factors like crop type, area irrigated, number of irrigations and total volume of water used by water users are considered for initiating the decision-making process of IWP in many countries of the world. There is no uniform set of principles for fixing water rates; a multiplicity of factors are followed, such as the capacity of irrigators to pay, recovery of water cost, crop water requirement, sources of water supply and its assurance. Linear programming, the Full-cost and Bayesian Network model, Residual value method, Principal Agent model and spot market pricing model have been used to estimate the impact of an IWP policy on water users. In the Indian context, a rationalized IWP mechanism alone will not suffice if the revenue collection mechanism is not streamlined and strengthened throughout the country. In order to develop a full-fledged volumetric IWP system in India, considerable changes need to be made in irrigation water supply infrastructure and operational plans need to be developed, which will provide a good balance between efficiency and equity objectives.
Climate change events cause erratic spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, temperature, humidity, etc. in long term, and are most severely affecting irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply. At the same time, water availability is also under pressure due to climate change and overexploitation of water resources. In a monsoonal climate that is already erratic and highly seasonal in nature, this increased variability due to climate change will further impact water availability and salt water intrusion. To overcome such problems, one of the most effective ways is interlinking of rivers. It is the interbasin water transfer from the water surplus rivers to water deficit rivers or regions. It will increase water supply, irrigation potential, mitigate floods, and droughts and reduce regional imbalance in the availability of water. Interlinking of rivers will reduce regional imbalances significantly and provide benefits by the way of additional irrigation potential, domestic and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, and transport facilities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.