Forámenes Nutricios en los Huesos Largos de los Miembros SUMMARY:The major blood supply to long bones occurs through the nutrient arteries, which enter through the nutrient foramina. This supply is essential during the growing period, during the early phases of ossification, and in procedures such as bone grafts, tumor resections, traumas, congenital pseudoarthrosis, and in transplant techniques in orthopedics. The present study analyzed the location and the number of nutrient foramina in the diaphysis of 885 long bones of the upper and lower limbs of adults: 174 humeri, 157 radii, 146 ulnae, 152 femora, 142 tibiae and 114 fibulae. The location of the nutrient foramina is predominant on the anterior aspect of the upper limb long bones, and on the posterior aspect of the lower limb long bones. The majority of the bones studied had a single nutrient foramen, which may represent a single source of blood supply. The mean foraminal index for the upper limb bones was 55.2% for the humerus, 35.7% for the radius, and 37.9% for the ulna, and for the lower limb bones, 43.7% for the femur, 32.7% for the tibia and 46.1% for the fibula. This study recorded data related to the population of Southern Brazil, providing ethnic data to be used for comparison and that may help in surgical procedures and in the interpretation of radiological images.

A utilização de métodos mistos em pesquisa tem sido crescente em inúmeros campos do conhecimento. A conjugação de elementos qualitativos e quantitativos possibilita ampliar a obtenção de resultados em abordagens investigativas, proporcionando ganhos relevantes para as pesquisas complexas realizadas no campo da Educação. Minimizando possíveis dificuldades na conjugação de práticas investigativas quantitativas e qualitativas, tais pesquisas podem produzir resultados relevantes, assim como podem orientar caminhos promissores a serem explorados por pesquisadores e educadores. Diante da riqueza oriunda de práticas de cunho qualitativo, e das possibilidades de quantificação de inúmeras variáveis que podem ser analisadas na esfera da Educação, há um amplo leque de caminhos investigativos a serem explorados na realização de pesquisas que envolvam os processos de ensino e aprendizagem. Por esta razão, este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os pressupostos básicos dos métodos mistos, bem como as possíveis implicações de sua utilização em práticas investigativas neste âmbito do saber, incluindo os aspectos subjacentes aos domínios teóricos e aos campos de coleta de informações para os quais se dedicam. Longe de buscar uma receita prática a ser utilizada, pretende-se, no presente texto, preponderantemente, a problematização das práticas de pesquisa, assim como as possibilidades de aplicação destas no campo da Educação.http://dx.doi.org/10.14572/nuances.v24i3.2698

SUMMARY:The transcondylar approach (TA) has been used in surgeries to access lesions in areas close to the foramen magnum (FM) and is performed directly through the occipital condyle (OC) or through the atlanto-occipital joint and adjacent portions of the same. The objective of this study is to examine anatomical variations related to the TA by morphometric parameters of the FM, OC and of the hypoglossal canal (HC) in dry skulls and in computed tomography (CT). In 111 skulls, characteristics of the HC, and measures related to the FM, the HC and to the OC were examined. In CT, the measurements obtained bilaterally in 10 patients who underwent examination of the skull base in 1 mm-thick axial helical cuts were the distances from the outer half of the clivus to the opening of the HC; from the lower portion of the OC to the middle of HC; from the inner half of the clivus to the intracranial opening of the HC and to the midpoint of the HC; from the HC extracranial opening to the lower portion of the OC and to the outer half of the clivus. The results of CT measurements are consistent to previous studies of morphometric variations related to the TA, with no significant difference between the measurements obtained in the right and in the left sides, or related to gender. The data obtained by three-dimensional CT images are important in assessing the morphometric variations of pre-surgical patientsof TA.

SUMMARY:The greater palatine foramen (GPF) conducts the greater palatine nerve, responsible for the innervation of the posterior hard palate. The morphometric knowledge of the GPF is essential in the anesthetic interventions required in maxillofacial surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the location and shape of the GPF in dry skulls of adults from Southern Brazil. Male (n = 65) and female (n = 29) skulls were studied, and the distance measurements from the middle of the GPF to the mid-sagittal plane (MSP) and to the posterior border of the hard palate (PBHP) were analyzed using a digital caliper and a ruler. The mean GPF-MSP distance in the right and in left sides of male skulls were 15.6 mm and 15.4 mm, respectively, and in female skulls, 15.63 mm in the right side and 15.47 mm in the left. The mean GPF-PBHP distance on the right side was 3.5 mm in male skulls, and 3.1 mm in female skulls, and on the left side, 3.6 mm and 3.2 mm in male and female skulls, respectively. Student's t-test showed no significant difference in the GPF-MSP and GPF-PBHP mean distances when compared to gender and to the left and right sides. The predominant GPF shape was ovoid, followed by lancet or slit, and round. This study provides comparisons of ethnic data, which may help clinically in oral and maxillofacial anesthesia.

ObjectiveTo analyze anatomical variations associated with celiac plexus complex by means of computed tomography simulation, assessing the risk for organ injury as the transcrural technique is utilized.Materials and MethodsOne hundred eight transaxial computed tomography images of abdomen were analyzed. The aortic-vertebral, celiac trunk (CeT)-vertebral, CeT-aortic and celiac-aortic-vertebral topographical relationships were recorded. Two needle insertion pathways were drawn on each of the images, at right and left, 9 cm and 4.5 cm away from the midline. Transfixed vital organs and gender-related associations were recorded.ResultsAortic-vertebral - 45.37% at left and 54.62% in the middle; CeT-vertebral - T12, 36.11%; T12-L1, 32.4%; L1, 27.77%; T11-T12, 2.77%; CeT-aortic - 53.7% at left and 46.3% in the middle; celiac-aortic-vertebral - L-l, 22.22%; M-m, 23.15%; L-m, 31.48%; M-l, 23.15%. Neither correspondence on the right side nor significant gender-related associations were observed.ConclusionConsidering the wide range of abdominal anatomical variations and the characteristics of needle insertion pathways, celiac plexus block should not be standardized. Imaging should be performed prior to the procedure in order to reduce the risks for injuries or for negative outcomes to patients. Gender-related anatomical variations involved in celiac plexus block should be more deeply investigated, since few studies have addressed the subject.

ResumoO ensino de Ciências é permeado por conteúdos científicos abstratos e complexos ao entendimento dos alunos. Surge então a necessidade do professor ministrar aulas mais interessantes e motivadoras, buscando alternativas para proporcionar experiências de aprendizagem que sejam mais contemporâneas e assimiláveis para os alunos. Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar como o uso de um jogo didático pode auxiliar no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de Ciências, no conteúdo de química atmosférica, do 9° ano do Ensino Fundamental. Também verificamos a opinião dos estudantes com relação à atividade proposta. Comparando as respostas dos testes, percebemos uma maior apreensão do conteúdo no período pós-teste, demonstrando que a metodologia auxiliou na aprendizagem dos conceitos da química atmosférica, mesmo que alguns estudantes não tenham alcançado plenamente os objetivos propostos.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE-Educação Médica.-Radiologia.-Currículo. RESUMO Introdução: Devido à importância da radiologia da pesquisa médica no diagnóstico e prevenção de

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