The objective of this work was to compare the contents of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine), and total soluble phenols and flavonoids in parts of plants grown under either organic or conventional cropping, commonly discarded during food preparation. The contents of free polyamines, total phenols and total soluble flavonoids in peels (zucchini squash, banana, potato, eggplant, orange, lime, mango, passion fruit and radish), leaves (zucchini squash, broccoli, carrot, collard, cassava, radish and grape), stalks (broccoli, collard and spinach) and zucchini seeds were analysed. Most analysed vegetables presented higher contents of polyamines and total phenols under organic cropping, contrary to the results obtained for total flavonoids, possibly because of the cultural practices adopted.
As ectothermic animals, snakes depend exclusively on the environment for proper temperature maintenance, which may greatly influence their activity. Twenty-five adult Boa constrictor amarali snakes maintained in captivity were used to determine the influence of seasons on their hematologic values and electrophoretic profile of hemoglobin. A complete blood cell count (CBC) and examination for hemoparasites were performed in the summer and winter of 2004. Hemoglobin was stored for later electrophoresis. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were obtained in RBC, WBC, lymphocyte, thrombocyte, and monocyte counts, demonstrating the importance of the period of the year in the interpretation of reference values in these animals. Two snakes were detected with blood parasites (Hepatozoon sp.) in the winter and four in the summer, although it appears that their presence did not cause any significant alterations in the CBC. The electrophoretic analysis of the samples demonstrated two-four hemoglobin bands in this species.
RESUMO -O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho pelo bagaço de mandioca no concentrado sobre a digestibilidade aparente, o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis, o ganho de peso diário médio (GPDM) e a conversão alimentar (CA) em bovinos em crescimento. Dezesseis novilhos mestiços machos inteiros foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados completos em dois períodos. Quatro tipos de concentrados foram testados, em associação com o fornecimento a vontade de feno de aveia/ azevém (Avena strigosa, L.; Lolium multiflorum, L.) e suplementação média de concentrado de 0,83% PV. Os concentrados fornecidos aos animais diferenciaram-se pelo nível de substituição do milho por bagaço de mandioca: T1, 0; T2, 33; T3, 66 e T4, 99. Não houve efeito dos níveis de substituição do milho pelo bagaço de mandioca sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente das frações nutritivas estudadas. O consumo de fibra em detergente ácido digestível (FDAD) aumentou linearmente com a substituição do milho por bagaço de mandioca. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o consumo de matéria seca digestível (MSD), matéria orgânica digestível (MOD), fibra em detergente neutro digestível (FDND), energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM), que foram, respectivamente, para T1, T2, T3 e T4, 53,51; 54,50; 53,63; e 53,69 ABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of corn by cassava bagasse in concentrate on apparent digestibility, digestible nutrient intakes, average daily gain (ADG) and feed:gain ratio (F:G) in growing cattle. Sixteen cossbred bulls, were allotted to a completely randomized block design and in two periods. Four types of concentrade were tested, in association with an ad libitum allowance of oat/ryegrass hay (Avena strigosa, L.; Lolium multiflorum, L.) and an average concentrate suplemetation of .83% LW. The concentrates fed to the animals were different by the substitution level of corn by cassava bagasse: T1 0,0; T2, 33,0; T3, 66,0; e T4, 99,0. There was no effect of the substitution of corn by cassava bagasse on the apparent digestibility coefficients of the studied nutritive fractions. The digestible acid detergent fiber intake (DADF) linearly increased with the substitution of corn by cassava bagasse. There was no effect of the treatments on the intakes of digestible dry matter (DDM), digestible organic matter (DOM), digestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), which were, respectively, for T1, T2, T3 and T4, 53.51; 54.50; 53.63 and 53.69 0.95; 1.12 and 0.75 kg/animal·day, and for F:G 4.61; 6.17, 4.58 and 7.98, respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4. The values of ADG and F:G, for the substitution of 99% of corn by cassava bagasse in concentrate, were lower than those obtained by the levels of 0 and 66%, however, they were similar to the 33% of substitution level of corn by cassava bagasse in the concentrate.
Similarly to other reptiles, snakes are ectothermic animals and depend exclusively on the environment for the maintenance of their physiological, biochemical and immunological processes. Thus, changes in biochemical values can be expected due to seasonal influence. Twenty-two adult specimens of Boa constrictor amarali kept in captivity were used. Blood collections were done in two different seasons: winter (July 2004) and summer (January 2005) for the following assays: uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, cholesterol, total protein, and serum protein electrophoresis. The mean biochemical results found in summer and winter, respectively, were: 6.3 ± 3.4 and 11.3 ± 6.2 mg/dL for uric acid; 28.7 ± 12.4 and 20.7 ± 16.2 UI/L for AST; 26.3 ± 17 and 17.4 ± 6.8 mg/dL for glucose; 67.3 ± 30.2 and 69.7 ± 38.5 mg/dL for cholesterol; and 5.9 ± 1.6 and 5.9 ± 1.4 g/dL for total protein. Results regarding electrophoresis in summer and winter, respectively, were: 1.9 ± 0.7 and 2.4 ± 0.6 g/dL for albumin; 0.7 ± 0.2 and 0.5 ± 0.2 g/dL for α-globulin; 1.5 ± 0.5 and 1.7 ± 0.6 g/dL for β-globulin; and 1.8 ± 0.5 and 1.5 ± 0.5 g/dL for γ-globulin. In the summer, there was a significant increase in AST and a decrease in uric acid (p < 0.05). Serum protein electrophoresis showed a significant increase in α-globulin fraction (p < 0.05) in the same season. There were not significant differences between seasons for the remaining variables. Based on these results, the period of the year must be considered in the interpretation of some biochemical values for these animals.
Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de duas linhagens (italiana e japonesa) e de dois níveis de proteína bruta (20 e 26% PB) sobre o desempenho para corte foram utilizados 144 machos de codorna, criados em gaiola de 1 a 49 dias. Foram alojadas nove aves por gaiola, sorteadas de acordo com um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 em delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado com quatro repetições. O desempenho foi avaliado semanalmente. A linhagem italiana apresentou maiores peso médio, ganho de peso médio e consumo médio do que a japonesa. O consumo médio relativo e a conversão alimentar da linhagem italiana foram menores, indicando melhor capacidade de utilização do alimento. Abstract Male quails (144) were reared from 1 to 49 days in cages, to evaluate the effect of line (Italian and Japanese), and crude protein level (20 and 26% CP) upon growth performance for meat production. Nine birds were housed per cage, sorted out according to a 2 x 2 factorial scheme in an entirely randomized design with 4 repetitions. Growth performance was evaluated weekly. The Italian line had higher mean body weight, mean gain weight and mean feed intake than the Japanese line. The Italian line showed lower or equal means of feed intake adjusted for body weight, indicating that it had better feed utilization. Mean feed conversion of the italian line was better than that of the Japanese line.
The Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) is one of the most endangered Neotropical cervid with populations that have been drastically reduced to small and isolated ones, mainly because of its habitat destruction. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to analyze population divergence and genetic variation within and between two populations corresponding to distinct subspecies. The RAPD markers displayed substantial genetic variation with all animals possessing unique RAPD phenotypes over 105 polymorphic bands produced by 15 primers. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and a neighbor-joining cluster analysis were performed to assess levels of differentiation between populations. No differentiation was recorded and about 96.0% (P < 0.00001) of the total variance was attributable to variation within populations. This result is quite distinct from data obtained by the analysis of the mtDNA control region, and is discussed on the basis of genetic differences between the different markers and the male-biased dispersal patterns generally observed in the mammal species. The data presented herein are potentially useful for future taxonomic and genetic studies in this species, for the monitoring of the genetic variation observed within these populations, and for the development of management guidelines for its conservation.Keywords: Cervidae, Ozotoceros bezoarticus, RAPD, genetic diversity, population structure. Diversidade genética de duas populações brasileiras de Veado-campeiro (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758)Resumo O Veado-campeiro (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) é uma das espécies de cervídeos neotropical mais ameaçadas devido à destruição de seu hábitat e conseqüente redução e isolamento de suas populações. Marcadores do tipo RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) foram utilizados na análise da divergência populacional e estimativa da variação genética dentro e entre duas populações correspondentes a diferentes subespécies. Os marcadores RAPD mostraram uma variação genética substancial, sendo que as 105 bandas polimórficas obtidas pelo uso de 15 primers produziram fenótipos únicos para todos os indivíduos analisados. Para avaliar o nível de diferenciação entre as populações, foi realizada uma análise da variância molecular (AMOVA) e uma análise de agrupamento utilizando o método de neighbor-joining. Nenhuma diferenciação foi observada, sendo aproximadamente 96,0% da variação encontrada atribuída à variação dentro das populações estudadas. Este resultado difere do obtido através da análise da região controle do mtDNA, e é discutido levando-se em consideração as diferenças genéticas entre os diferentes marcadores utilizados e o padrão de dispersão geralmente observado nas espécies de mamíferos (realizada principalmente pelos machos). Os dados aqui apresentados poderão ser úteis para futuros estudos taxonômicos e genéticos desta espécie, para o monitoramento da variação genética observada em suas populações e para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo para sua conservação.Palavras...
RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho por bagaço de mandioca, no concentrado das rações, sobre o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e proteína bruta (PB) de bovinos em crescimento. Dezesseis bezerros mestiços machos inteiros foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados completos, em dois períodos. Quatro tipos de concentrado foram testados em associação com o fornecimento à vontade de feno de aveia/azevém (Avena strigosa, L.; Lolium multiflorum, L.) e suplementação média de concentrado de 0,83% PV. Os concentrados fornecidos aos animais diferenciaram-se pelo nível de substituição do milho por bagaço de mandioca: T1 = 0,0, T2 = 33,0, T3 = 66,0 e T4 = 99,0% ABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of corn by cassava bagasse in the concentrate on dry matter, organic matter and crude protein intake in growing cattle. Sixteen crossbred bulls were allotted to a completely randomized block design, in two periods. Four types of concentrate were tested in association with an ad libitum allowance of oat/ryegrass hay (Avena strigosa, L.; Lolium multiflorum, L.)and an average concentrate supplementation of .83% LW. The concentrates fed to the animals were different of corn by cassava bagasse by the substitution levels of corn: T1 = 0.0, T2 = 33.0, T3 = 66.0, and T.04 = 99%. There was a quadratic relation on DM, OM and CP intake. The maximum DM, OM and CP intake was, respectively, 88.53, 82.34, and 10.61 g/kg .75 . The corn by cassava bagasse substitution levels which produced the maximum intakes were: 48.74, 44.14, and 43.75%, respectively, for DM, OM, and CP. Higher corn by cassava bagasse substitution levels in the concentrate reduced the intake of the components studied. IntroduçãoBovinos em crescimento apresentam alta exigência de nutrientes que, geralmente, não são encontrados, em níveis adequados, em dietas constituídas só por volumosos. Por isso, é necessária a suplementação com concentrados que, normalmente, têm preço elevado, aumentando o custo de produção. Um dos principais alimentos utilizados na formulação de concentrados é o milho. Porém, apesar de sua boa qualidade, muitas pesquisas são realizadas com o objetivo de estudar alternativas para sua substituição em dietas para bovinos. Os ruminantes que consomem milho concorrem com aves e suínos, que necessitam mais desta fonte de alimento, por não possuírem a mesma capacidade de aproveitamento das fibras que os ruminantes (MELLO et al., 1981). Além de grãos de cereais, vários subprodutos, como farelo de arroz,
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