ResumoEste artigo analisa a evolução da estrutura tecnológica brasileira em áreas com potencial de mitigação de mudanças climáticas no período pós-Kyoto. A partir da constituição de uma base de dados original com patentes relacionadas às mudanças climáticas, propõe-se interpretar as transformações ocorridas na estrutura da especialização tecnológica do Brasil, bem como a evolução do seu desempenho em comparação a países selecionados. Os resultados da estimação de vantagens tecnológicas relativas mostram que o Brasil não acompanhou a dinâmica internacional e reduziu seu número absoluto de áreas com especialização tecnológica.A aplicação do método de decomposição estrutural revelou que o aumento da sua participação internacional é explicado, em sua maior parte, pelo efeito technology share, ou seja, a parte do crescimento que se deve ao dinamismo da sua atividade patenteadora. Nesse sentido, o país foi capaz de abandonar áreas estagnadas e os resultados seriam ainda mais favoráveis se contasse com uma melhor estrutura de especialização no período inicial.
The notion of competitiveness receives growing attention in the tourism literature as it is recognized as a central factor for success in the visitor economy. Despite the enthusiasm for the promised benefits of this approach, there are gaps in understanding the limits and possibilities of making the destination competitive by attracting visitors and expanding their spending, providing a satisfying experience. We study international business tourism in Sao Paulo city to empirically explore how length of stay determines different dimensions of tourist satisfaction. Estimates indicate that length of stay negatively affects the satisfaction dimensions studied. Likewise, there is no evidence of the existence of a curvilinear relationship between these variables. Implications for policy makers and business management are presented.
The development experience observed in Korea has been a symbol of successful catch-up for several decades. This process allowed its upward transition from middle income to high-income status and has drawn the attention of many streams of scholars. More recently, emergent research has improved our understanding of this experience and its policy implications for developing countries (Lee, 2013; 2016; 2019). This paper proposes a review of what this literature has to say about the mechanisms behind the successful path followed by Korea and a discussion of lessons to overcome the middle-income trap. It is argued that latecomers do not limit themselves to follow the path of technological development of the advanced countries and that alternative paths are possible. The main policy implication for latecomers is that a successful catch-up is possible yet difficult to achieve because it requires taking detours and leapfroging into new technologies.
Public intervention to support knowledge generation is recognized as a fundamental strategy that enables the closing the gap between latecomers and forerunners economies. Evaluations and academic studies have been conducted on a wide variety of interventions and rapidly expanded what is known about these policies instruments. However, much of the evidence report conflicting results and can lead to misunderstandings about the potential of these interventions. This article offers a systematic review and a critical discussion of what the literature has to say about the effectiveness of these instruments. It is argued that learning about the effectiveness of interventions requires a capacity to seize and interpret its effects. Specifically, two critical factors are emphasized to understand the potential of these policies, which are their sequence of implementation and the context-dependence of interventions. Since none of these issues has been investigated in-depth, some aspects are discussed to guide future evaluations.
ResumoEste artigo tem como objetivo examinar o processo de mudanças climáticas globais como um fator exógeno que modifica o grau e a direção do comportamento de busca tecnológica das firmas. A análise organiza a literatura principal em três níveis principais, da firma, dado o esgotamento tecnológico e a expansão para além de mercados nacionais, do mercado, diante de condições específicas da sua evolução que afetam o seu funcionamento e a distribuição de incentivos, e do sistema, que reflete os estímulos para realização de atividades inovativas a partir de diferentes condições de oportunidade tecnológica. Procura-se demonstrar, a partir da literatura subjacente, que as transformações no ambiente tecnológico promovidas pelas mudanças climáticas constituem um importante fator exógeno capaz de alterar a forma como as firmas conduzem sua atividade de busca tecnológica. Nesse sentido, a contribuição do artigo consiste em relacionar essas transformações em três níveis principais, de forma a extrapolar os limites setoriais, tecnológicos e geográficos dos estudos existentes.Palavras-chave: Mudanças climáticas; busca tecnológica; exploração e explotação.
CLIMATE CHANGE AS AN EXOGENOUS TRIGGERS AFFECTING THE TECHNOLOGICAL SEARCH BEHAVIOR AbstractThis paper aims to examine the process of global climate change as an exogenous trigger that modifies the level and direction of the firms' technological search behavior. The analysis organizes the main literature on three main levels, the firm, given the technological exhaustion and expansion beyond national markets, the market, given specific conditions of its evolution affecting its operation and the distribution of incentives, and the system, which reflects the stimuli for carrying out innovative activities from different technological opportunity conditions. The paper seeks to demonstrate, from the underlying literature, that the transformations in the technological environment promoted by the climatic changes are an important exogenous factor capable of changing the way in which companies lead their technological search activity. In this sense, the contribution of the article is to relate these transformations to three main levels, in order to extrapolate the sectorial, technological and geographical limits of the existing studies.
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