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Foi realizado um levantamento dos dados de contagem de células somáticas (CCS), porcentagens de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais de amostras de leite de tanques recebidas no período de dezembro de 1996 a julho de 1998, com o objetivo de se caracterizar a composição do leite segundo sua contagem de células somáticas. Os 4785 dados de análise foram classificados segundo sua CCS, sendo formados quatro grupos (grupo 1, CCS < 500 mil cél./mL; grupo 2, 500 < CCS < 1000 mil cél./mL; grupo 3, 1000 < CCS < 1500 mil cél./mL; grupo 4, CCS > 1.500 mil cél./mL). Aos grupos foram aplicadass técnicas de estatística descritiva, análise de variância e comparações múltiplas de médias. O aumento da ordem das classes acarretou acréscimo da porcentagem de gordura e dos desvios-padrão e redução nas porcentagens de proteína e lactose. A concentração de sólidos totais, apesar de não-significativa, apresentou tendência de redução. Concluiu-se que leite de tanques com CCS mais altas apresentaram maior porcentagem de gordura, menor porcentagem de proteína e lactose e igual porcentagem de sólido totais. As mudanças significativas nas concentrações do componentes do leite ocorrem a partir de 1.000.000 cél./mL para gordura e 500 mil cél./mL para proteína e lactose. Grupos de tanques com maiores CCS apresentaram maior variabilidade nas concentrações dos constituintes do leite.

Information about genetic parameters is essential for selection decisions and genetic evaluation. These estimates are population specific; however, there are few studies with dairy cattle populations reared under tropical and sub-tropical conditions. Thus, the aim was to obtain estimates of heritability and genetic correlations for milk yield and quality traits using pedigree and genomic information from a Holstein population maintained in a tropical environment. Phenotypic records (n = 36 457) of 4203 cows as well as the genotypes for 57 368 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 755 of these cows were used. Covariance components were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method under a mixed animal model, considering a pedigree-based relationship matrix or a combined pedigree-genomic matrix. High heritabilities (around 0.30) were estimated for lactose and protein content in milk whereas moderate values (between 0.19 and 0.26) were obtained for percentages of fat, saturated fatty acids and palmitic acid in milk. Genetic correlations ranging from -0.38 to -0.13 were determined between milk yield and composition traits. The smaller estimates compared to other similar studies can be due to poor environmental conditions, which may reduce genetic variability. These results highlight the importance in using genetic parameters estimated in the population under evaluation for selection decisions.

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ABSTRACT. We analyzed 152,145 test-day records from 7317 first lactations of Holstein cows recorded from 1995 to 2003. Our objective was to model variations in test-day milk yield during the first lactation of Holstein cows by random regression model (RRM), using various functions in order to obtain adequate and parsimonious models for the estimation of genetic parameters. Test-day milk yields were grouped into weekly classes of days in milk, ranging from 1 to 44 weeks. The contemporary groups were defined as herd-test-day. The analyses were performed using a single-trait RRM, including the direct additive, permanent environmental and residual random effects. In addition, contemporary group and linear and quadratic effects of the age of cow at calving were included as fixed effects. The mean trend of milk yield was modeled with a fourth-order orthogonal Legendre polynomial. The additive genetic and permanent environmental covariance functions were estimated by random regression on two parametric functions, Ali and Schaeffer and Wilmink, and on B-spline functions of days in milk. The covariance components and the genetic parameters were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method. Results from RRM parametric and B-spline functions were compared to RRM on Legendre polynomials and with a multi-trait analysis, using the same data set. Heritability estimates presented similar trends during mid-lactation (13 to 31 weeks) and between week 37 and the end of lactation, for all RRM. Heritabilities obtained by multi-trait analysis were of a lower magnitude than those estimated by RRM. The RRMs with a higher number of parameters were more useful to describe the genetic variation of test-day milk yield throughout the lactation. RRM using B-spline and Legendre polynomials as base functions appears to be the most adequate to describe the covariance structure of the data.

RESUMO -Foram utilizados 263.390 registros de produção de leite no dia do controle (PDC) de 32.448 primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Holandesa com parto no período de 1991 a 2001, para estimar componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos utilizando um modelo animal e a metodologia REML. Os dados de produção foram coletados pelo Serviço de Controle Leiteiro da Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa e suas afiliadas estaduais e disponibilizados pela Embrapa Gado de Leite. O modelo para ajuste da produção de leite até 305 dias (P305) incluiu os efeitos fixos de rebanho-ano de parto, época do parto e idade da vaca ao parto, com termos linear e quadrático, e os efeitos aleatórios de animal e erro. Os mesmos efeitos foram incluídos no modelo para as produções de leite no dia do controle (PDC) tanto sob modelo uni-e bi-caráter como sob modelo de repetibilidade (MRS), exceto para o efeito fixo de grupo contemporâneo, definido por rebanho-ano-mês do controle. Alternativamente, ajustou-se um segundo modelo de repetibilidade (MRF), que além dos efeitos presentes no MRS, incluiu as covariáveis que descrevem a curva da lactação: dias em lactação (DEL)/305 e ln(305/DEL) com termos linear e quadrático. As estimativas de ĥ 2 para as PDC, com MRS e MRF foram 0,43 e 0,30, respectivamente. As estimativas de herdabilidade ( ĥ 2 ) para as PDC variaram de 0,22 (PDC1) a 0,36 (PDC4) com o modelo uni-caráter. Para o modelo bicaráter, as estimativas variaram de 0,23 (PDC1) a 0,33 (PDC3 e PDC4). Em ambos os modelos, observaram-se valores inferiores de ĥ 2 no início e no fim do período de lactação. A estimativa ĥ 2 para a P305 com o modelo uni-caráter foi 0,27, enquanto, pelo modelo bi-caráter, estas estimativas variaram de 0,27 a 0,30. As correlações genéticas (r g ) entre as PDC e a P305 foram altas, variando de 0,86 (PDC1 e P305) a 0,99 (PDC3 e P305). Estimativas de herdabilidade maiores para as PDC que para a P305 e a alta correlação com a mesma indicam potencial de uso das PDC nas avaliações genéticas de animais da raça Holandesa no Brasil. Embora predominantemente altas, as estimativas de r g entre as PDC não foram homogêneas (0,64-1,0); entretanto as maiores freqüências foram para valores próximos ou iguais a 1. Assim, modelos de regressão aleatória devem ser também avaliados para se concluir sobre a melhor utilização das PDC da raça Holandesa no Brasil.Palavras-chave: análise bi-caráter, componentes de variância, modelo de repetibilidade, parâmetros genéticos, produções de leite do dia do controle Genetic Parameters for Test Day and Lactation Milk Yields of First Lactation Holstein CowsABSTRACT -Covariance components for test day records and lactation milk yield using 263.390 records of 32.448 first lactation Holstein cows, were estimated using animal models by REML. Besides the lactation model, two alternative repeatability models (RM) were analyzed. Lactation model included fixed effects of herd-year-season and age of cow with linear and quadratic terms, and random effects of animal and error. The f...

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and incidence of subclinical mastitis (SM) in a large population of Brazilian dairy herds and to describe how these indices changed over time. A data set comprising individual cow somatic cell counts (SCC) from 18,316 test days (TD) of 1,809 herds that participated in a Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) program between January 2011 and May 2015 was available for analysis. Only tests that had ≥10 lactating cows and that were performed at 30 ± 10-d intervals were used for analysis. The final data set included 8,285 TD from 517 herds located in 5 regions of the country. Prevalence (%) of SM was defined as the number of cows with SCC ≥200,000 cells/mL divided by the total number of tested cows on a given TD. The incidence of SM was defined as the number of cows whose SCC increased from <200,000 to ≥200,000 cells/mL over 2 consecutive TD divided by the sum of each cow's days at risk during this interval, expressed as new cases per cow month at risk. Prevalence and incidence of SM were compared among years, regions, herd size categories, and frequency of DHIA testing during the study period. The overall mean prevalence and incidence of SM including all tests performed during the study period was 46.4% and 0.17 new cases per cow month at risk, respectively. The prevalence of SM varied little from 2011 to 2015, and an increasing trend was observed over the years. Prevalence was lower in herds that performed ≥60 DHIA tests during the study period than in those that performed fewer tests and was not different among regions or herd size categories. Incidence of SM varied little over the years and was not different among the regions studied. Prevalence and incidence of SM in the 517 herds studied were high and did not improve over the years. These trends were observed across all herd size categories and regions studied. Producers who had more DHIA tests performed per herd during the study period had lower prevalence of SM. Results of this study highlight the need to establish large-scale milk quality programs in Brazil.

RESUMO -A relação entre contagem de células somáticas do leite (CCS) e produção de leite é objeto de estudo de inúmeras pesquisas em diversos países, porém, no Brasil a literatura a esse respeito é escassa. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar se as perdas na produção de leite devidas ao aumento da CCS são proporcionais à produção, ou absolutas, independendo desta, e a partir de que valor de CCS elas começam a ser evidentes. Para o estudo foram utilizadas 13.725 observações, colhidas mensalmente de seis rebanhos, no período de janeiro de 2001 a junho de 2002. O modelo de análise, para curva de lactação, foi baseado na função gama incompleta, considerando os efeitos de ordem de lactação, rebanho e época do parto. A CCS foi incluída nesse modelo de duas formas: como fator multiplicativo (representando perdas relativas) e como fator aditivo (representando perdas absolutas). A escolha do melhor modelo foi baseada no critério de informação de Schwarz (BIC). Concluiu-se que as perdas são absolutas, evidentes a partir de 17.000 células/mL e, para cada aumento de uma unidade na escala do logaritmo natural a partir desse valor, estimam-se perdas de 238 e 868 mL/ dia para primíparas e multíparas, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: CCS, mastite subclínica, mastite bovina, produção de leite Somatic Cells Count and Milk Yield in Confined Holstein CowsABSTRACT -The relationship between milk somatic cells count (SCC) and milk yield has been the aim of countless researches in several countries; however, in Brazil, the literature related to this subject is scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study is to verify if the losses in milk yield due to SCC increase are proportional to the yield, or absolute (independent of it) and starting from which SCC, the losses become evident. For this study, 13.725 observations were used, collected monthly from 6 different herds, from January/2001 up to June/2002. The analysis model, for lactation curve, was based upon the incomplete gama function, considering the effects of lactation order, herd and calving season. The SCC entered in that model in two ways: as multiplicative factor (representing relative losses) and as addictive factor (representing absolute losses). The best model was chosen based on the information criteria of Schwarz (BIC). It is concluded that the losses are absolute, becoming evident from 17.000 cells/mL, and they are 238 and 868 mL/day for each increase of one unit in the natural logarithm scale, starting from that SCC, respectively, for primiparous and multiparous.Key Words: SCC, subclinical mastitis, bovine mastitis, milk yield R. Bras. Zootec., v.33, n.3, p.623-634 IntroduçãoNo Brasil, a produção de leite, como os outros segmentos da atual sociedade, é uma atividade cada vez mais competitiva. Portanto, é importante quantificar e qualificar os fatores que podem influenciá-la, buscando ganhos efetivos na quantidade e qualidade do leite produzido, na tentativa de suprir a demanda nacional.O fator que mais contribui para as perdas econô-micas da cadeia ...