Com a descoberta do huanglongbing (HLB, ex-greening) no Brasil, em 2004, o psilídeoasiático-dos-citros, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), assumiu o status de praga-chave na citricultura pela sua capacidade de transmitir bactérias do gênero Candidatus Liberibacter spp., associadas a esta enfermidade. Por ser uma espécie exótica e de importância recente, há poucas informações sobre a biologia e ecologia desse psilídeo nas condições do Brasil, as quais são necessárias para o seu manejo. Portanto, este artigo busca compilar dados disponíveis sobre danos, dinâmica populacional e biologia de D. citri, com ênfase na influência de plantas hospedeiras, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no seu desenvolvimento (duração e viabilidade dos estágios de ovo e ninfal), razão sexual e fecundidade. São descritos métodos alternativos de controle D. citri, com destaque para o controle biológico e a utilização do ectoparasitoide Tamarixia radiata (Waterston). Com base nas exigências térmicas deste parasitoide e de D. citri, elaborou-se o zoneamento ecológico para prever o número de gerações anuais de ambas as espécies no estado de São Paulo. Finalmente, são discutidos os mecanismos de transmissão de Ca. Liberibacter spp. por D. citri, baseando-se nas informações disponíveis sobre a interação patógeno-vetor. Termos de indexação: greening dos citros, inseto vetor, biologia, controle biológico, mecanismos de transmissão.

The purpose of this research was to study the population dynamics of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in citrus orchards in the north area of Sao Paulo State. The study was carried out in 16 citrus orchards, being six of them in Catanduva area, five in Barretos and five in Monte Azul Paulista. A vacuum sucker machine was used to collect the insects. The highest density of D. citri occurred in the end of the spring time and in the beginning of the summer. During autumn and winter the population was low. Most of the insects were captured in the Catanduva area, followed by Barretos and Monte Azul Paulista.

Spatial and seasonal distribution, natural enemies and ecological life table of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus groves in São Paulo Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, has been considered the worst and most destructive disease that occurs in all citrus varieties in the world. Until today, effective control measures are unknown. However, three main measures have been recommended that may reduce the spread of the disease: (1) propagation of healthy plants; (2) elimination of symptomatic trees as soon as they are observed; and (3) reduction of the insect vector population, the citrus psylla Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. HLB was first found in Brazil in the State of São Paulo in March 2004. Since then, two bacteria were found associated with plants with symptoms, "Candidatus Liberibacter americanus" and "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus", both transmitted by D. citri. This research aimed to study: (1) the seasonal distribution of D. citri in citrus groves (Citrus sinensis) in Araras,

-This study evaluated the effect of initial pH values of 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5 of the attractant (protein bait) Milhocina® and borax (sodium borate) in the field, on the capture of fruit flies in McPhail traps, using 1, 2, 4 and 8 traps per hectare, in order to estimate control thresholds in a Hamlin orange grove in the central region of the state of São Paulo. The most abundant fruit fly species was Ceratitis capitata, comprising almost 99% of the fruit flies captured, of which 80% were females. The largest captures of C. capitata were found in traps baited with Milhocina® and borax at pH 8.5. Captures per trap for the four densities were similar, indicating that the population can be estimated with one trap per hectare in areas with high populations. It was found positive relationships between captures of C. capitata and the number of Hamlin oranges damaged, 2 and 3 weeks after capture. It was obtained equations that correlate captures and damage levels which can be used to estimate control thresholds. The average loss caused in Hamlin orange fruits by C. capitata was 2.5 tons per hectare or 7.5% of production. Index terms: true fruit flies, protein bait, damage, IPM, Citros. POTENCIAL HIDROGENIÔNICO (pH) DO ATRATIVO, DENSIDADE DE ARMADILHAS E NÍVEL DE CONTROLE PARA Ceratitis capitata (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) EM LARANJA HAMLIN NA REGIÃO CENTRAL DE SÃO PAULO, BRASILRESUMO -Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos: avaliar o efeito do pH inicial, 4.5; 6.5 e 8.5, do atrativo proteico Milhocina® e bórax (tetraborato de sódio) na captura de moscas-das-frutas em armadilhas McPhail; estudar densidades de armadilhas, 1; 2; 4 e 8 por hectare, para estimar níveis de controle em laranja cv. Hamlin, na região central de São Paulo. A espécie predominante, com 99% das moscas-das-frutas capturadas, foi Ceratitis capitata, sendo 80% de fêmeas. As maiores capturas de C. capitata ocorreram nas armadilhas com Milhocina® e bórax em pH 8.5. As capturas, nas 4 densidades, foram semelhantes, indicando que a população pode ser estimada com uma armadilha por hectare em áreas de altas populações. Houve relações positivas entre capturas de C. capitata e o número de frutos danificados, 2 e 3 semanas após a captura. Assim, foram obtidas equações que relacionam a captura e o dano, possibilitando estimar níveis de controle desse inseto. As perdas médias causadas por C. capitata em laranja cv. Hamlin chegaram a 2,5 toneladas de frutos por hectare ou 7,5% da produção. Termos para indexação: moscas-das-frutas, dano, atrativo proteico, MIP, Cítros.

Biological Aspects of the Leafhoppers Acrogonia gracilis (Osborn), Dilobopterus costalimai Young and Oncometopia facialis (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck ABSTRACT-The biological aspects of the leafhoppers Acrogonia gracilis (Osborn), Dilobopterus costalimai Young and Oncometopia facialis (Signoret) on young plants of Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck was studied at 25±2ºC, relative humidity of 60±10% and photophase of 12h. These species are vectors of Xylella fastidiosa Wells to citrus. Five instars were observed for D. costalimai and O. facialis and six for A. gracilis. The mean duration from egg to adult and longevity were, respectively, 54.5 and 72.4 days for A. gracilis, 54.7 and 36.4 days for D. costalimai and 67.1 and 15.5 days for O. facialis.

The use of quality seedlings is important in establishing a productive coffee crop. However, the most widely used method to produce coffee seedlings is time consuming (6-12 months) and lacks new production technologies. This study aimed to assess the use of fertigation and a growth regulator in the production of coffee seedlings, in order to develop a system faster than the conventional method. For that, Topázio coffee cultivar seeds were pre-germinated and planted in tubes filled with substrate (composted pine bark), in a protected nursery. A randomized block design was used, in a 4 x 2 (fertigation levels x the use or not of growth regulator) factorial scheme, with four replications. Daily fertigation positively influenced all the growth variables evaluated. The foliar spraying of the growth regulator had little effect on seedling growth. When compared to the conventional system described in the literature, the coffee seedling production system described here reduced, by around 60 days, the production time and enables a large-scale production.

The aim of this study was to assess the agronomic performance and costs of slow release fertilizers and fertigation in the production of sugarcane and passion fruit seedlings in tubes. Two experiments were carried out simultaneously, one with sugarcane seedlings (SP80-3280) obtained from stalks with one bud (4 cm) and the other with passion fruit (FB-300) from seeds. Both experiments were conducted in 200-cm 3 tubes filled with composted pine bark-based substrate, with six treatments: (1) control; (2) standard fertilization (g 100 L −1 of substrate), (NH 4) 2 SO 4 (300) + KCl (200) + magnesium thermophosphate (200) + Osmocote® 15-9-12 Plus (600) + Osmocote® 19-6-10 Mini-Prill (600); (3) Osmocote® 15-9-12 Plus (600 g 100 L −1 of substrate); (4) Osmocote® 19-6-10 Mini-Prill (600 g 100 L −1 of substrate); (5) complete fertigation (g 100 L −1 of water), Ca(NO 3) 2 (80) + KNO 3 (50) + MgSO4 (35) + (NH 4) 3 PO4 (10) + ConMicros® Standard (2.5); and (6) macronutrient fertigation, equal 5. except ConMicros®. The results were as follows: (1) sugarcane (70 days) and passion fruit (52 days) seedlings were larger in the fertilized than control tubes; (2) standard fertilization, Osmocote® Mini-Prill, or Osmocote® Plus produced sugarcane and passion fruit seedlings with greater mass; (3) fertigations were the most inexpensive fertilizations; and (4) the slow release fertilizer Osmocote® 19-6-10 Mini-Prill presented larger seedlings, but it cost more (2-3 times) than fertigation. Substrate fertilization is essential for sugarcane and passion fruit seedlings' production in tubes because the substrate itself is not able to provide enough nutrients for seedling development, and although standard fertilization and slow release fertilizers (Osmocote®) allow to produce larger seedlings, they are more expensive than fertigation.

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