A public-private partnership (PPP) model has been adopted in Brazil for the modernization of its main national airports. Until 2017, the institutional setup imposed the public company Infraero to participate with 49% in the joint venture for the management of the airports subject to PPP. The remaining 51% shares belong to private companies, namely those that constitute the consortium group that won the correspondent public tender. This paper analyses this hybrid governance structure, including the main advantages and disadvantages, for both government and private parties, in maintaining a state-owned enterprise with a mandatory 49% share in the winner consortium. It focuses on five main aspects: access to knowledge; government influence on decisions, funding, and risk-sharing; cross subsidization and competition. The paper also summarizes its main findings and recommendations for future rounds of airport concessions in Brazil, in particular to underline overall inconveniences of the mandatory rule that imposes to Infraero a 49% share in all winner consortiums.
This chapter presents CADE’s experience with the use of guidelines to promote competition enforcement in Brazil. This instrument enables competition authorities to send clear messages to the private sector and strengthen legal certainty in the application of competition legislation. In recent years, CADE has issued a few new competition guidelines, namely for compliance programmes, leniency agreements, settlement agreements, and gun jumping. In addition, the former Merger Horizontal Guidelines have been replaced, and at least one other guideline is in the pipeline for merger remedies. These guidelines shed light on key aspects of CADE’s understanding of the Brazilian national legislation, concerning both substance and procedure issues. The chapter concludes by stressing that these guidelines are often well perceived by the local competition community, as their draft versions previously gather private inputs through public consultations, reflect the enforcer’s perspective, and enable greater predictability in the application of Brazilian Competition Law.
Este estudo buscou investigar, em uma perspectiva psicogenética, como a noção de julgamento moral apresenta-se nos adolescentes que utilizam jogos virtuais considerados violentos. Através de experimentos realizados em 2010, os jovens foram testados individualmente, via questionários específicos, buscando-se definir a natureza psicológica das realidades morais com o embasamento teórico piagetiano. Ao fim da série de perguntas, os resultados apontaram características da fase da heteronomia e indicação de uma possível fase de autonomia de acordo com o desenvolvimento moral.
The relationship between competition policy and intellectual property has been largely analyzed by the specialized literature. Nonetheless, the competitive impact of the enforcement of intellectual property rights in aftermarkets is still a challenging field of study. This article discusses the interface between intellectual property and competition in light of a case concerning the Brazilian automobile aftermarket.
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