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It is unlikely that mature horses will develop signs of respiratory difficulty as a result of the development of passive pneumoperitoneum during standing laparoscopy.

Although indirect methods for estimating intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) have been extensively studied in humans, mainly for identification of IAP increments in critical care unit patients (life-threatening condition), little work has been performed in veterinary medicine, especially in horses. The standard method of acquisition of intrabladder pressure (IBP) in human subjects (fluid-filled system with no balloon distention) has been previously evaluated in horses with an unfavorable outcome. Therefore, we reexamined the previously performed method of IBP investigation in horses by using an air-filled intrabladder manometry system in female horses. Intrabladder pressure was estimated by air-filled balloon manometry in seven healthy adult mares. The results were compared with two sets of directly acquired IAP values obtained by right paralumbar puncture using an 8-G needle in seven horses. Direct IAP values were obtained at times unrelated to IBP measurement acquisitions, and three of the seven horses used (for direct IAP measurement) were different animals from the mares used for assessment of IBP. Both sets of IAP measurements yielded subatmospheric values (IAP 1 ¼ À10.5 AE 2.2 mm Hg; IAP 2 ¼ À11.6 AE 2.0 mm Hg). Slightly subatmospheric IBP values were also recorded in some mares, but the mean (AESD) IBP was 1.4 AE 2.0 mm Hg. There was no correlation between IBP and IAP. These results suggest that this indirect (IBP) method for estimating IAP is not applicable for female horses.

Our results suggest that the indirect method used in human patients for estimating IAP by P(ga) is not applicable for horses.

RESUMORelataram-se dois casos em que a penectomia com transposição peniana perineal foram as técnicas cirúrgicas de escolha e que resultaram em 50% de sucesso. Quatro casos em que as cistotomias seguidas de cistostomias apresentaram 100% de sucesso, um caso em que só a cistotomia foi realizada e não se obteve sucesso, um caso em que apenas o tratamento clínico foi eficiente e dois casos em que houve 100% de insucesso, independentemente da técnica cirúrgica utilizada, devido ao quadro avançado de azotemia e choque toxêmico dos animais. O estudo foi realizado durante os anos de 2003 a 2005, com a casuística de urolitíase obstrutiva em caprinos e ovinos, de forma a descrever as causas e as conseqüências das decisões terapêuticas empregadas. INTRODUÇÃOA urolitíase obstrutiva é uma enfermidade comumente encontrada em ovinos e caprinos confinados ou de "estimação". Define-se o processo como a inabilidade do animal em urinar normalmente devido à obstrução do fluxo urinário por um ou mais cálculos. A formação de um cálculo urinário resulta da interação de numerosos fatores fisiológicos, nutricionais e relacionados ao manejo (Smith e Sherman, 1994; Belknap e Pugh, 2002).Em pequenos ruminantes, a urolitíase obstrutiva é freqüentemente vista em machos, jovens, cuja dieta é composta por rações à base de grãos que apresentam altos teores de fósforo e magnésio e baixos teores de cálcio. A composição do cálculo, freqüentemente, é um reflexo da dieta, sendo este usualmente composto de sais de fosfato, especialmente fosfato cálcico (apatita) e fosfato amônio magnesiano (estruvita) (Monoghan e Boy, 1993). A obstrução uretral não é um resultado necessário da formação de cálculo, mas é predisposta por fatores anatômicos. A uretra longa, o curso da flexura sigmóide e o estreito processo

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BackgroundLyme borreliosis is a disease transmitted by ticks to mammals, especially in horses and humans. Caused by a spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, it can result in lameness, arthritis, carditis, dermatitis and neurological signs. Anaphylactoid reactions are severe responses caused by direct action of substances (drugs, toxins), which can pose risks to life. Still poorly documented in horses, these reactions are caused by the effects of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, kinins and arachidonic acid metabolites. The last two are the most clinically relevant for the species.Case presentationThe simultaneous occurrence of anaphylactoid reaction in two horses experimentally infected by Borrelia burgdorferi undergoing intravenous treatment with ceftriaxone sodium is reported. It was administered 4.7 × 108 spirochetes intradermal and subcutaneous applications in both horses to evaluate clinical aspects of the Lyme disease, 95 days before the application of sodium ceftriaxone. During the administration, one horse (a gelding) showed immediate and severe anaphylactoid symptoms such as urticaria, dyspnea, tachycardia, and eyelid edema, which were controlled by injecting dexamethasone. After 1 day, it expressed signs of abdominal discomfort, caused by severe bloat, which was treated surgically via celiotomy. Subsequently, this gelding had piroplasmosis and severe anemia, requiring treatment with an antimicrobial and blood transfusion. Second horse (a mare) showed signs of hypotension during the application of the antibiotic, which disappeared only when the application was interrupted. Days after the event, the mare developed moderate large colon bloat, which was treated with medication only. Subsequently the mare was evolved into the prodromal phase of laminitis in one of the forelimbs, which was treated for 10 days with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and rheology modifying drugs and cryotherapy.ConclusionsFrom the two cases presented here, it does appear that sodium ceftriaxone can induce anaphylactoid reactions in horses infected by Borrelia burgdorferi, which may evolve into colic syndrome, laminitis and the occurrence of opportunistic infections. However, further evidence should be collected in order to draw definite conclusions.

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