Purpose -The purpose of this paper is two-fold: to examine three models of subject indexing (i.e. expert-led indexing, author-generated indexing, and user-orientated indexing); and to compare and contrast two user-orientated indexing approaches (i.e. the theoretically-based Democratic Indexing project, and Flickr, a working system for describing photographs). Design/methodology/approach -The approach to examining Flickr and Democratic Indexing is evaluative. The limitations of Flickr are described and examples are provided. The Democratic Indexing approach, which the authors believe offers a method of marshalling a "free" user-indexed archive to provide useful retrieval functions, is described. Findings -The examination of both Flickr and the Democratic Indexing approach suggests that, despite Shirky's claim of philosophical paradigm shifting for social tagging, there is a residing doubt amongst information professionals that self-organising systems can work without there being some element of control and some form of "representative authority". Originality/value -This paper contributes to the literature of user-based indexing and social tagging.
This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link Abstract:Purpose:If an information retrieval system is going to be of value to the user then it must give meaning to the information which matches the meaning given to it by the user. The meaning given to music varies according to who is interpreting it -the author/composer, the performer, cataloguer or the listener -and this affects how music is organized and retrieved. This paper examines the meaning of music, how meaning is communicated and suggests this may affect music retrieval. ApproachMusicology is used to define music and examine its functions leading to a discussion of how music has been organised and described
Investigating the anomalous states of knowledge hypothesis in a real-life problem situation: A study of history and psychology undergraduates seeking information for a course essay.
This is the unspecified version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link Andy MacFarlane Department of Information Science, City University London, UK Pauline Rafferty Department of Information Studies, University of Aberystwyth, Wales AbstractAlthough known item searching for music can be dealt with by searching metadata using existing text search techniques, human subjectivity and variability within the music itself make it very difficult to search for unknown items. This paper examines these problems within the context of text retrieval and music information retrieval. The focus is on ascertaining a relationship between music relevance criteria and those relating to relevance judgements in text retrieval. A data-rich collection of relevance judgements by creative professionals searching for unknown musical items to accompany moving images using real world queries is analysed. The participants in our observations are found to take a socio-cognitive approach and use a range of content and context based criteria. These criteria correlate strongly with those arising from previous text retrieval studies despite the many differences between music and text in their actual content.
Creative professionals search for music to accompany moving images in films, advertising, television. Some larger music rights holders (record companies and music publishers) organise their catalogues to allow online searching. These digital libraries are organised by various subjective musical facets as well as by artist and title metadata. A facet analysis of a number of queries is discussed in relation to the organisation of the music in these bespoke search engines. Subjective facets such as Mood and Genre are found to be highly important in query formation. These findings are discussed in relation to disintermediation of this process. It is suggested that there are a number of barriers to this, both in terms of classification approaches and also commercial / legal factors.
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